Blessing by Imtiaz Dharker Essay -- Blessing Imtiaz Dharker Poems Poet

Gift by Imtiaz Dharker Imtiaz Dharker’s sonnet can be perused in two different ways. A clear perusing may propose that the sonnet is just a portrayal of an episode when a funnel blasts and individuals run energetically for the water. An increasingly thought about perusing, nonetheless, would consider the to be as being more dismal and upsetting. Under the obvious favorable luck and energy of the scene are darker thoughts regarding the neediness and strange notion of the individuals in the poet’s local nation. It is the second perusing we will investigate in this update program. In any case, the demeanor to water in the sonnet should make us in the West marvel at the amount we as a whole underestimate, and how again and again we waste the earth’s assets. Dharker paints for the peruser a distinctive scene utilizing visual and aural symbolism. For example, in the wake of opening with an amazing visual picture, the artist proceeds to cause us to hear the littlest commotion ‘echo/in a tin mug’, before increasing the sound level with the ‘roar of tongues’ as individuals plunge on the channel. The title of the sonnet has all the earmarks of being unexpected. These individuals are not honored - they have little water of their own. No one but strange notion could lead them to tally this ‘municipal pipe’ burst as a gift. Truly, it shows the helpless condition of the funnels, some portion of the city’s essential framework, pipes that ought to convey water to the individuals. The way that the individuals live in ‘huts’, that the youngsters are ‘naked’ and that everybody is ‘frantic’ for the water reveal to us a ton about the day to day environments. There is a ton of erotic symbolism in this sonnet. For the most part we hear and see the unfurling scene. These subtleties give us what the people’s lives resemble. In the following table are a portion of the vis... ... darker, and harder hitting. The layers of the sonnet mirror the manner in which various individuals will see the same scene/culuture in an unexpected way. Demeanor The writer shows up from the outset to be objective, portraying however not remarking on the episode. Also, somewhat she leaves the peruser to choose the inclination and importance of the sonnet. Maybe however there is loathsomeness and pity in that initial picture of skin breaking ‘like a pod’. To me the sonnet appears to be a mourn for the destitution of these individuals and for the worth framework that keeps them poor, yet unassuming and grateful. Style Dharker utilizes erotic symbolism to bring out the scene, and assembles the mood of the sonnet into a crescendo at the blasting of the channel. She utilizes an expanded similitude, contrasting water with a divine being. She makes lines purposefully equivocal, dubious, with the goal that the scene can be deciphered in more than one way.

Species Divergence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Species Divergence - Essay Example physiology, the method of association with its condition, sustenance system, and so on. While evolutionist thoughts might be perceived in a few pre-present day scholars’ ruminations, it was distinctly with the appearance of the eighteenth century Enlightenment that advanced transformative speculations framed, with that of Charles Darwin before long assuming the pre-prominent position among them. The arrangement of right now standard adaptation of developmental science was monstrously helped by the particular advances in the fields of hereditary qualities and sub-atomic science, which characterized the natural reason for transformative procedures. From a natural association perspective, advancement continues on an animal categories level, as people containing an animal types don't themselves advance through the span of their life expectancy. Be that as it may, the aftereffects of their cooperation with the earth empower the collection of new heritable reactions inside their gen otype structures, offering ascend to a procedure of regular determination. The last mentioned, in its turn, conditions the adjustments in the species’ phenotype (for example the complex of organic highlights). Normal determination might be appropriately characterized as a slow procedure of hereditary variety whereby the people with most positive quality blends are all the more oftentimes ready to transplant their qualities to resulting ages of an animal types, so their relatives will characterize the essence of their species. While normal choice procedure is individual, being transmitted over an animal groups just in a roundabout way, it is genotype of an animal groups all in all that it impacts on, with the goal that heritable changes in those individuals’ genotypes that are supported by regular determination are spread to the ensuing ages of an animal groups in general. The components of common determination are differed; be that as it may, some of them might be rele gated progressively conspicuous jobs in its execution. Of those, natural determination, with an accentuation on fitting with one’s organic condition, and sexual choice, with an individual’s fruitfulness and capacity to discover planned sexual accomplices as a key factor, might be viewed as the essential ones. Thus, these systems might be sub-partitioned into increasingly explicit strategies for determination, with, e.g., biological choice enveloping the instruments of intraspecies rivalry, family choice, and so forth., and sexual choice including those of intrasexual choice, intersexual choice (sexual dimorphism), and so forth b. Proof for organic advancement is complex and involves the quantity of information from various logical controls. Inside the setting of this article, five kinds of this proof will be analyzed. Plate tectonics. The disclosure of the developments of plates in the twentieth century let go the thought of unchangeable nature of Earth’s tecton ics, adding to a thought of nature’s penchant for change. On a progressively explicit level, Charles Lyell’s concentrates on the effect of climatological and geographical changes on the conveyance of species, with explicit accentuation on wiped out verdure, drove the specialists to reason that developments of enormous land masses lead to transformation of atmospheres, which implied that creature and plant species must be dynamic elements, the spatial dispersion whereof changes as per the progressions of geography achieved by topographical operators. Thusly, the adjustments in verdures and faunas were definitively associated with the comparing movements of land masses, adding to the improvement of a thought of natural choice. Biogeography. The exploration in the association between plate tectonics and changes in life on Earth that was alluded to above has been straightforwardly associated with the examination in the field of biogeography. Such researchers as Edward Forb es, Wallace and Willer Matthew led a broad exploration in the

African American Culture Essay

African American culture in the United States incorporates the different social customs of African ethnic gatherings. It is both piece of and particular from American culture. The U. S. Enumeration Bureau characterizes African Americans as â€Å"people having starting points in any of the Black race gatherings of Africa. â€Å"[1] African American culture is indigenous to the relatives in the U. S. of overcomers of the Middle Passage. It is established in Africa and is an amalgam of mainly sub-Saharan African and Sahelean societies. Despite the fact that subjection significantly confined the capacity of Africans in America to rehearse their social customs, numerous practices, qualities and convictions endure and after some time have joined components of European American culture. There are even sure features of African American culture that were brought into being or made increasingly noticeable because of servitude; a case of this is the way drumming got utilized as a methods for correspondence and setting up a network character during that time. The outcome is a dynamic, inventive culture that has had and keeps on profoundly affecting standard American culture and on world culture also. After Emancipation, these exceptionally African American conventions kept on developing. They formed into unmistakable customs in music, craftsmanship, writing, religion, food, occasions, among others. While for quite a while sociologists, for example, Gunnar Myrdal and Patrick Moynihan, accepted that African Americans had lost most social binds with Africa, anthropological field look into by Melville Hersovits and others exhibited that there is a continuum of African conventions among Africans in the New World from the West Indies to the United States. The best impact of African social practices on European societies is found underneath the Mason-Dixon in the southeastern United States, particularly in the Carolinas among the Gullah individuals and in Louisiana. African American culture regularly grew independently from standard American culture as a result of African Americans’ want to rehearse their own customs, just as the diligence of racial isolation in America. Thusly African American culture has become a noteworthy piece of American culture but then, simultaneously, stays an unmistakable culture separated from it. History From the most punctual long stretches of subjugation, slave proprietors tried to practice power over their slaves by endeavoring to strip them of their African culture. The physical separation and cultural minimization of African slaves and, later, of their free offspring, nonetheless, really encouraged the maintenance of critical components of conventional culture among Africans in the New World for the most part, and in the U. S. specifically. Slave proprietors purposely attempted to subdue political association so as to manage the many slave uprisings that occurred in the southern United States, Brazil, Haiti, and the Dutch Guyanas. African cultures,slavery,slave rebellions,and the social liberties movements(circa 1800s-160s)have formed African American strict, familial, political and financial practices. The engraving of Africa is apparent in horde ways, in governmental issues, financial matters, language, music, hairdos, design, move, religion and perspective, and food planning techniques. In the United States, the very enactment that was intended to strip captives of culture and deny them instruction served from various perspectives to fortify it. Thusly, African American culture has had an unavoidable, transformative effect on heap components of standard American culture, among them language, music, move, religion, food, and farming. This procedure of common innovative trade is called creolization. After some time, the way of life of African slaves and their relatives has been universal in its effect on the prevailing American culture, however on world culture also. Oral convention Slaveholders constrained or restricted instruction of subjugated African Americans since they trusted it may prompt revolts or departure plans. Thus, African-based oral customs turned into the essential methods for protecting history, ethics, and other social data among the individuals. This was reliable with the griot practices of oral history in numerous African and different societies that didn't depend on the composed word. A large number of these social components have been passed from age to age through narrating. The folktales gave African Americans the chance to rouse and instruct each other. Instances of African American folktales incorporate swindler stories of Br’er Rabbit and courageous stories, for example, that of John Henry. The Uncle Remus stories by Joel Chandler Harris assisted with bringing African American people stories into standard selection. Harris didn't welcome the multifaceted nature of the narratives nor their potential for an enduring effect on society. Qualities of the African American oral custom present themselves in various structures. African American evangelists will in general perform as opposed to just talk. The feeling of the subject is brought through the speaker’s tone, volume, and development, which will in general mirror the rising activity, peak, and plummeting activity of the message. Frequently tune, move, refrain and organized delays are set all through the message. Methods, for example, call-and-reaction are accustomed to carry the crowd into the introduction. In direct complexity to ongoing convention in other American and Western societies, it is a worthy and basic crowd response to hinder and certify the speaker. Verbally expressed word is another case of how the African American oral convention impacts present day American mainstream society. Verbally expressed word specialists utilize indistinguishable procedures from African American evangelists including development, mood, and crowd cooperation. Rap music from the 1980’s and past has been viewed as an augmentation of oral culture. Harlem Renaissance [pic] Zora Neale Hurston was a noticeable abstract figure during the Harlem Renaissance. Fundamental article: Harlem Renaissance The main significant open acknowledgment of African American culture happened during the Harlem Renaissance. During the 1920s and 1930s, African American music, writing, and workmanship increased wide notification. Creators, for example, Zora Neale Hurston and Nella Larsen and artists, for example, Langston Hughes, Claude McKay, and Countee Cullen composed works depicting the African American experience. Jazz, swing, blues and other melodic structures entered American mainstream music. African American craftsmen, for example, William H. Johnson and Palmer Hayden made interesting gems highlighting African Americans. The Harlem Renaissance was likewise a period of expanded political association for African Americans. Among the prominent African American political developments established in the mid twentieth century are the United Negro Improvement Association and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. The Nation of Islam, a remarkable Islamic strict development, additionally started in the mid 1930s. African American social development The Black Power development of the 1960s and 1970s followed in the wake of the peaceful American Civil Rights Movement. The development advanced racial pride and ethnic union rather than the emphasis on mix of the Civil Rights Movement, and embraced an increasingly activist stance even with prejudice. It additionally roused another renaissance in African American scholarly and creative articulation for the most part alluded to as the African American or â€Å"Black Arts Movement. † crafted by famous chronicle specialists, for example, Nina Simone (Young, Gifted and Black) and The Impressions (Keep On Pushin’), just as the verse, expressive arts and writing of the time, molded and mirrored the developing racial and political awareness. Among the most unmistakable journalists of the African American Arts Movement were artist Nikki Giovanni; writer and distributer Don L. Lee, who later got known as Haki Madhubuti; writer and dramatist Leroi Jones, later known as Amiri Baraka; and Sonia Sanchez. Other persuasive authors were Ed Bullins, Dudley Randall, Mari Evans, June Jordan, Larry Neal and Ahmos Zu-Bolton. Another significant part of the African American Arts Movement was the imbuement of the African stylish, an arrival to an aggregate social reasonableness and ethnic pride that was much in proof during the Harlem Renaissance and in the festival of Negritude among the imaginative and abstract circles in the U. S. , Caribbean and the African mainland about four decades sooner: the possibility that â€Å"black is excellent. † During this time, there was a resurgence of enthusiasm for, and a grasp of, components of African culture inside African American culture that had been smothered or cheapened to adjust to Eurocentric America. Common haircuts, for example, the afro, and African apparel, for example, the dashiki, picked up fame. All the more significantly, the African American stylish empowered individual pride and political mindfulness among African Americans. Music [pic] Men playing the djembe, a conventional West African drum received into African American and American culture. The sacks and the apparel of the man on the privilege are printed with customary kente material examples. African American music is established in the normally polyrhythmic music of the ethnic gatherings of Africa, explicitly those in the Western, Sahelean, and Sub-Saharan areas. African oral conventions, sustained in servitude, supported the utilization of music to pass on history, show exercises, ease enduring, and transfer messages. The African family of African American music is obvious in some normal components: call and reaction, off-timing, percussion, spontaneous creation, swung notes, blue notes, the utilization of falsetto, melisma, and complex multi-part congruity. During servitude, Africans in America mixed conventional European songs with African components to make spirituals. Numerous African Americans sing Lift Ev’ry Voice and Sing notwithstanding the American national song of devotion, The Star-Spangled Banner, or in lieu of it. Writte

Legacy of Qin Shi Huangdi

Inheritance of Qin Shi Huangdi Legalism is a conviction framework that rose in Ancient China during the time of the Warring States (771-221 B.C.), during which a few perspectives for restoring harmony inside China were contending following cultural issue. It was a methodology characterized by outrageous techniques, objectives, and exacting adherence to law. Under this political way of thinking, human instinct was seen as shrewd and along these lines substantial limitations were to be set on people. The laws set up during this period were intended to be effectively justifiable, disciplines undermining, and remunerates brief with the goal that individuals chose to do precisely what the administration asked of them(Major). Under legalism, an exceptionally productive and incredible government was accepted to be key to looking after soundness. Any noncompliance was to be met with brutal disciplines to make it less engaging for individuals to decide to be defiant, while the well execution of obligations by individuals w as to be compensated to support such going along conduct. It was not until Shi Huangdi went to the seat in 246 B.C., did Legalist belief system gain support and really be executed in China. The main head utilized 4 strategies to manage and bind together China viably, of which were centralization, normalization, restriction, and human rights misuse. One of these practices, control, achieved its objective of bringing together China by debilitating the nearness of discussion which hinders the coordination of society. Restriction is a significant marker for the nearness of Legalism and it appears to be evident that it has expanded from Ancient China regarding multifaceted nature. While Modern China, no longer mirrors the degree to which Legalism has been common in Ancient China, it, a nation that needs media opportunity, despite everything is engraved with the principle angles related with this way of thinking. Control is the act of authoritatively looking at books, motion pictures, composed works, and different items so as to smother unsuitable or questionable parts. The motivation behind this is to debilitate sentiment that might be hindering to the administration and can cause banter. In Ancient China, Legalist utilized restriction to control thoughts, activities, and people groups conduct. One way they indicated utilization of it was by requesting a crusade in 213 B.C. for appropriating and consuming books in private hands that were destructive toward the administration (Major). Another progressively genuine activity that delineates the in those days utilization of oversight was Huangdis entombment of Confucian researchers alive in the capital in the wake of finding out about their difference toward his strategies. In this way, oversight permitted people that conflict with the administration in any capacity or made debates in the public eye be effectively expelled. With no measure of ov ersight, individuals can be effortlessly convinced by materials used to pass on sentiment and the legislature would confront trouble in controlling its residents. Today, the Great Firewall of China is the innovation that the Chinese government uses to square access to material it finds improper on the web (Olesen). Chinese Internet clients are limited with this from having the opportunity to see certain indexed lists completely, have conversations on certain theme, and to have the option to communicate any remarks unreservedly. As indicated by a scholastic helpful, China has the universes most modern web separating framework, and the Chinese government is seemingly the universes best at controlling what is individuals see (Wiseman). This is because of the Chinese governments narrow mindedness of dispute that can be effectively discovered when seeing data on the web. Web opportunity is significant in light of the fact that as President Obama expressed, the more uninhibitedly data streams, the more grounded the general public becomes, on the grounds that then residents of nations around the globe can consider their own administrations responsibl e (Scherer). The Chinese government would probably differ and evidently would need their residents to be obliged as on the web to reduce their capacity and impact, to make the administration all the more remarkable and ruling over them as during the Legalist time when residents were spoken to as weak, unimportant government laborers. Getting to information on touchy just as disputable subjects is troublesome with the Chinese checking all approaching and active traffic on the web. A case of a particular web index for China that channels results viably on such subjects is Google China. With this site, when clients type in Tiananmen Square, they will get just the vacationer pictures of the spot and not the pictures of the 1989 fights for equitable change there that wound up in a savage crackdown by the Chinese government (Wiseman). This uncovers how the Chinese government is hesitant to have certain data online in light of the fact that it tends to be utilized to convince them to assum e fault for something; the administration attempts to go about as though less answerable for an occasion that turned out badly when they recently interceded in it. In this way, China utilizes purposeful publicity authorities who convey groups of pundits to post devoted messages on sites and online announcement sheets to support the spread of patriot sentiment as well as positive criticism by residents to the administration (Edward). This helps show how the administration attempts to shroud data it feels shouldnt be imparted to data that is bound to support inspirational mentality toward the legislature. Control endeavors are additionally observed on TV in China, where they are utilized to constrain outside thoughts influencing residents. Since the news media isn't privatized, however oversaw by the legislature, the administration has more force than residents and can compel media stations to utilize just affirmed reports as opposed to any scrutinizing Chinas government (Haugen). Distributing or broadcasting on TV anything that is tacky to the Chinese government is unlawful in the country and can prompt detainment (Haugen). Once more, these laws help ensure the Chinese government more than the legislatures residents, which would have been upheld by the Legalists. A case of TV oversight that happened for this present month was during President Obamas visit to China. After American authorities haggled to have the Chinese put aside live across the nation communicate time for the presidents town lobby with Chinese understudy, China despite everything wouldn't follow their solicitations, and the occasion was demonstrated later on TV (Scherer). This gave time for Chinese authorities to alter the discourse. At the point when the president tended to the world in his debut and arrived at a line in his discourse portraying socialism, the live communicate in China was cut off and later forms of the discourse had this part edited (Edward). A different line altered addressed nations that forced restriction approaches to forestall analysis of their legislature. China may have edited such presidential remarks to diminish the impact from Western qualities and to shut out any kind of influence that may make its residents do activities different societies support however are unwanted in China as they break with customary Chinese qualities. This proposes China despite everything has a trace of neutrality disposition toward different countries as it had in the Legalist period and doesnt need to mix in with different nations as mixing in would blur away conventional standards. Rest riction is utilized to keep Chinese residents from consenting to different countries other than China. In spite of the fact that the way of thinking of Legalism isnt common as it was in Ancient China, the overwhelming nearness of media control on the Internet, TV, and on remote thoughts, in China today, uncovers that there is as yet an enduring effect from legalism that can took note. On the off chance that there wasnt any nearness of Legalism, at that point, present day Chinese government would have been radically unique as residents would have substantially more force than the legislature. Yet, it isnt in a nation that needs basic media opportunity. List of sources Edward, Jonathan Ansfield. Chinese TV Censors Part of Address by Obama. The New York Times. 22 Jan. 2009. 13 Nov. 2009 <http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/22/world/asia/22china.html?_r=1scp=10sq=Censorship%20in%20Chinast=cse>. Haugen, David M. China: Opposing Viewpoints. Farmington Hills: Greenhaven, 2006. Major, John S. The Land and People of China. Lippincott, 1989. Olesen, Alexa. Chinese Censors Block Obamas Call to Free Web. Time. 16 Nov. 2009. 19 Nov. 2009 <http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1939898,00.html>. Scherer, Michael. Could Obama Get Around Chinas Great Firewall? Time. 16 Nov. 2009. 19 Nov. 2009 <http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1939572,00.html>. Wiseman, Paul. Splitting the Great Firewall of Chinas Web Censorship. USA Today. 23 Apr. 2008. 13 Nov. 2009 <http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/techpolicy/2008-04-22 InternetBandits_N.htm>.

Latin America And The World Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Latin America And The World - Term Paper Example Brazil Latin Americans give a ton of significance to their families and connections. Customarily the families use to have male head and astringent male centric structure where men use to have all the â€Å"say† and final say regarding the choices. In any case, after the autonomy when numerous male family heads were either slaughtered or detained, females took the charge of the families. Montilla, a Brazilian creator said that: The customary thought where the spouse remains at home and the husband works are not regular any longer, both of them are working. It's not negative as a rule. Many appreciate the space. At the point when they meet up they reconnect in a ground-breaking way.† Mexico In the film; Camila, coordinated by Maria Luisa Bemberg, the character of Camila portrayed the circumstance of 1984 in Latin America. It was when Catholic convictions in the hands of male specialists were smothering the presence of females. It was a stage taken to break the solid roofs that utilization to exist in the brains of Latin Americans. Camila turned into the voice of ladies of that opportunity to protect their privileges and benefits. It was a striking inquiry posted on ministers and fathers of the houses of worship that whether Christianity is against ladies? Is it against female opportunity? Does it not permit a female to take her own choices and above all imagine a scenario in which guys take wrong choices, are will undoubtedly be obeyed and can a lady speak more loudly against it. The eminent bit of mysterious authenticity where extraordinary is so painstakingly mixed with common, Like Water for Chocolate, is composed by Laura Esquivel.

Six for the Money Nominating Authors for a Place on U.S. Currency

Six for the Money Nominating Authors for a Place on U.S. Currency Jane Austen, according to several reports, is in the running to appear on Great Britains ten-pound note in the near future, replacing Charles Darwin. Hearing about this made the voice in my head go all Veruca Salt-y (But  I want literary figures on  my  currency too! And I want them  nooowwwww!). Those of us in the U.S. have been staring at the same historical figures for a while now, and while I dont generally have a problem with our currencys population (except for Andrew Jackson thats a real head-scratcher), if we accept that a nations currency is one of the ways it shares and endorses the values of its history and culture, it only makes sense to represent different aspects of said culture through those bills and coins. For the bookish among us, that means writers. With that in mind, here are the criteria Im using to determine nominees: The author must be from the U.S. Because currency tends to weigh history heavily, Im only considering authors born before 1950. This will allow living authors to be considered, but only ones whose legacies are fairly well secured. This cuts out a lot of great American authors, admittedly, but it also prevents more faddish representatives from clogging up the discussion. The authors work should represent, in some way (Obviously, this is highly subjective.), a significant contribution to the fabric of American literature. This means that my choices are not simply my favorite American authors, but those whom I judge to represent something crucial as particularly AMERICAN writers. In a close race, I reserve the right to consider the figure currently occupying the given bill, and nominate their literary replacement based upon how well they fit the bill (pun heartily intended). The One Dollar Bill Nominee: Walt Whitman    The most common denomination should be occupied by someone who is quintessentially American and without whom much of what came after wouldve have been either irrevocably different or failed to exist at all. Whitmans  Leaves of Grass pushed the limits of style, subject, and form while capturing a sense of daring independence and spiritual idealism that has continued to serve as a major template for American writers. Has there ever been a more American line than Do I contradict myself? Very well then, I contradict myself. I am large I contain multitudes. The Five Dollar Bill Nominee: Emily Dickinson  A reclusive poet may seem a strange alternative to a larger-than-life American legend whose commanding oratory runs like a spine through the countrys most painful moments, but Dickinsons poetry evinces a quiet courage that stands up admirably against Abraham Lincolns brief, steely addresses. Her spare, simple style pushed the bounds of the typical far enough that for almost seventy years following her death, Dickinsons poems were published in altered form, to conform to more widely accepted poetic standards. Once her originals came to light, Dickinsons place was cemented among the handful of American poets against which all others are measured. The Ten Dollar Bill Nominee: Toni Morrison No American has won the Nobel Prize for Literature since Toni Morrison claimed the award twenty years ago, and she is one of only two American women to win the Nobel and the Pulitzer (the other is Pearl S. Buck). Perhaps no American author has written as profoundly and beautifully about the subjects of race, family, femininity, and their complex roles within our history and culture.  Beloved is not only Morrisons rightly celebrated and best known novel, but possibly the most notable milestone on the American literary landscape from the last quarter of the twentieth century. Plus, to my knowledge, shes never been involved in a duel. The Twenty Dollar Bill Nominee: William Faulkner   Faulkner is to the American South what Dickens is to London, what Joyce is to Dublin. He doesnt so much write about it as inhabit it so that to the rest of the world, his fiction nearly supplants the reality of the place. Through his fictional Yoknapatawpha County, Faulkner presents the South, its people, and its problems with the grace and nuance they warrant, all while re-staking the limits of style in American fiction. To my mind, Faulkners is the most powerful, important American voice to emerge from an incredibly fruitful period in this countrys literary history. The Fifty Dollar Bill Nominee: Arthur Miller If theres a shock choice in my selections, this is probably it. Miller is, of course, one of the most famous playwrights ever, so any shock is probably derived from the selection of a playwright at all. But the fifty fits Miller well. Its probably the least common of the bills on this list, and Miller is probably the least read author here. Which, if you  have read him, you recognize as a real shame.  The Crucible  details the cruelty, hypocrisy, and fear woven into the American DNA, while  Death of a Salesman  and All My Sons  deconstruct the American Dream as well as any works this side of Fitzgerald.   The Hundred Dollar Bill Nominee: Mark Twain Twain might deserve to hold Ben Franklins spot on the strength of  Adventures of Huckleberry Finn alone, but he doesnt have to. Few American writers can boast Twains versatility as a satirist, essayist, novelist, and cultural critic. His almost perpetual dissatisfaction with the state of American affairs manifested itself in his sharp critiques of war hawks, slavery, and hypocrites of all political, religious, or social persuasions that still sting more than a hundred years after his death. Add to all that Twains authorship of one of only a few books deserving consideration of the Great American Novel title belt, and weve got our guy. Im sure you all agree with me completely, but if, by chance, anyone has any other nominees they would like to put forth, Im all ears. _________________________ Sign up for our newsletter to have the best of Book Riot delivered straight to your inbox every two weeks. No spam. We promise. To keep up with Book Riot on a daily basis, follow us on Twitter, like us on Facebook, , and subscribe to the Book Riot podcast in iTunes or via RSS. So much bookish goodnessall day, every day.

Nursing Stages of grief - 825 Words

Nursing: Stages of grief (Essay Sample) Content: Stages of Grief Name: Institution: Stages of Grief Introduction Dealing with loss is never easy. The gap left by a child, spouse, friend, or relative is not replaceable. One requires passing through a grieving process so as to gain the strength and wisdom to accept the departure of a loved and move on. Recovering from loss does not occur in a day. However, it is a process that requires one to endure all the five stages of grieving to succeed. Lament for a Son is a book by Nicholas Wolterstorff, which constitutes of an assortment of quotes and stories regarding with the authorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s unexpected loss of his son, Eric that occurred in a mountain climbing mishap (Wolterstorff, 1987). The author creates an inspirational story by compiling tales about Ericà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s life and eventual death. This paper will help us understand how Wolterstorff finds happiness again, after losing his source of joy, his son. Again, Wolterstorffà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s experience will enable the readers to have a better comprehension of the grieving process. Stages of the grieving process Denial is the first stage of the grieving process (KuÃÅ'ˆbler-Ross and Kessler, 2005). At this step, most people feel overwhelmed and devalue life. They assume that life stops going on after they lose a loved one. Others go numb are unable to come to terms with the reality of loss. Many times, the aggrieved party prefers not to talk about their departed one, or even live in the unfounded hope that their departed could come back. It is a dangerous stage of grief which requires proper guidance and full support. If not counseled, one could remain in the renunciation stage and halt their lives for good. Anger is the second phase which makes one easily irritable and often picks fights with people around them (KuÃÅ'ˆbler-Ross and Kessler, 2005). Violence is considered as a way for grieving people to vent out their frustration and rage caused by the departure or loss of their loved one (KuÃÅ'ˆbler-Ross and Kessler, 2005). It is a necessary stage that allows the griever to heal emotionally. Next is the bargaining phase. The negotiating stage is where the griever opts to do alternative activities to replace or substitute for their loss (KuÃÅ'ˆbler-Ross and Kessler, 2005). In most instances, people tend to either bury themselves in work or even offer to volunteer so that they can spend less time thinking about their loss. It is a moment of regret where the griever settles for a temporary truce and wishes to have done things differently, to prevent the death. Depression is the second last stage that forces one to go into deep levels of stress (KuÃÅ'ˆbler-Ross and Kessler, 2005). They tend to feel empty, and it is in this period that most grievers opt for suicide. It is important to know that depression during grief is not a mental disorder. Rather, it is a normal response to loss and does not last forever. Lastly, acceptance is the overall sign that one has not only overcome their loss but also accepted the reality. Acceptance marks the final stage of the grieving process. Wolterstorffà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s experience Like any other father, Wolterstorff asks himself numerous questions regarding the death of his son. First, he wonders why Eric was on the mountain in the first place (Wolterstorff, 1987). The death of his son not only devastates him but also pushes him into a state of utopia where he talks to himself, hoping to establish why his son died. Unlike most people who take weeks in denial and anger stages, Wolterstorff quickly accepts the death of his son and vents it out through crying. He then assembles his family in preparation for Ericà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s send off. The author encounters many dreams of, a voice encouraging him to overcome Ericà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s loss. Eventually, Wolterstorff decides to move on and finds a new source of joy. Instead of dwelling on his loss, Wolterstorff decides to become an inspirational writer, not only to help himself deal with the loss of a son but also to encourage parents in a similar situation. T...

Fossil Fuels And Its Effects On Society - 1948 Words

It is true that all good things must come to an end, but fossil fuels were never a good thing to begin with. Fossil fuels are nonrenewable resources, such as coal and oil, that are used to power the modern mechanical world people live in today. The price of these resources is more than just money, for these resources generally have a less positive and overall more negative outcome. Society has become increasingly dependent on these resources that are destroying the world in more ways than one, and despite this obvious fact they are still being used. Society is just starting to stumble with energy efficiency, and an inability to adapt ensures that it will not take long until a complete loss of control over the environment and resources is†¦show more content†¦There is no doubt that the use of fossil fuels has become rather excessive. However the numbers and data as to how much society burns through these resources is quite astonishing. An example of this can be seen in 2004 w hen the United States and China were pushing the oil industries for more, causing a 50% increase of oil demand globally. During 2004 China was using 6.6 million barrels of oil every day, and the United States was using 20.5 million barrels a day (â€Å"Global Fossil†). They were burning through the oil at a rate so fast, the assumption was that the production of oil would begin to ‘fall short’ of these new demands. After these resources are burned for their energy, the leftovers of what was used is thrown into the air as carbon dioxide gas, and is known as ‘carbon emission’ (Global Fossil). Along with the disposal of carbon dioxide, the temperature of the Earth began to rise in a stunning correlation to the amount of carbon dioxide in the air. The answer as to why is simple, â€Å"So what’s driving up the heat? Well we are. Concentrations of man-made carbon dioxide, a major cause of global warming, have been increasing steadily since we becom e industrialized in the late 18th century† (Bruce-Lockhart). The cause of the recent global warming trends is indeed from the usage of fossil fuels and the carbon it puts in the air, with large amounts of data are being collected to analyze the situation. From the results of the data collection, modern scientists have done

Best 80s Songs from American Arena Rock Band Survivor

Ethnography Review - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 664 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/06/24 Category Culture Essay Level High school Topics: Ethnographic Essay Did you like this example? The ethnography that I chose to read is Cumbia! Scenes of a Migrant Latin American Music Genre edited By Hector Fernandez and Pablo Vila. This ethnography is about Cumbia and where cumbia originated from and how it became popular. Cumbia originally came from northern Colombia and it has spread through Latin America. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Ethnography Review" essay for you Create order Cumbia is also popular in the Americas and cumbia is also a very flexible form of music. Cumbia takes different local musical styles and mixes them together. It also changes its styles and meanings depending on the place. Cumbia is very popular with the working class and it is popular in northern Mexico, Latin American immigrants in New York City, Lima and also upper-class Colombians. This book looks at the different styles of cumbia, the history, musicology, sociology and many more things. This ethnography is written in many point of views. In the beginning of the book you do get an introduction of the editors and they talk about their points of view about Cumbia. Hector talks about how he presents himself as a middle-class coste? ±o which means that he is a native of Colombias Caribbean costal region. Colombia is also where Cumbia comes from. Even though Cumbia did come from Colombia a lot of middle-class Colombians saw Cumbia in a condescending way and also in a racist manner but Hector had working-class women working in his household who made Hector love Cumbia at a young age. Pablo, who is the other editor of the book, grew up in middle-class Argentina and that did not allow him to appreciate Cumbia until later in his life. The editors both explain their hypothesis which is focused on the examination of Cumbias and how nation, region, class, race ethnicity and gender are negotiated, achieved and provisionally and locally enacted by its followers (Lhoeste and Vila , 2013). This book was made with a collection of 11 different essays from different people so I did not feel like the author was biased because there was different authors in the book so you didnt get just one persons point of view. Cumbia has different genres depending on where you are. For example, in Mexico there is Nortena Cumbia. Each genre of cumbia uses different instruments. Nortena cumbia is played with an accordion and it is a lot slower than the originals cumbia. Cumbia brought different countries and societies together with music. Since it is so famous in many places, so many people know about it and get together and listen and dance to it. Cumbia is also used in different films, orchestras and dance centers. Cumbia shows different cultures to enjoy Latin American culture and have an open mind about other cultures. I feel like I do understand this society better after reading about this music. My family is from Mexico so I grew listening and dancing to this music. It was really interesting reading and learning the different history of Cumbia. My whole life I thought that Cumbia originated from Mexico and I did not know that it actually originated from Colombia so it was really interesting learning that. I also thought it was really interesting how cumbia is really famous with the working class but when it comes to middle class in some places it is seen in a negative way which I did not know. I also got to understand that there is different genres when it comes to cumbia. For example, in Mexico there is Nortena cumbia, cumbia Villera and other types of cumbia. I really enjoyed reading this book and getting to know this genre of music that I grew up listening to and learning where it actually came from and how it all started. It is definitely a genre of music that I love and I understand it more now that I have read this book. I really liked reading all the different points of views and how different cultures see cumbias and how depending on where you are different instruments are used.

Taking a Look at a Bullying Case - 884 Words

Tears are shed while family members and friends clutch onto each other whispering words of wonder to God. Parents watch their treasure as they get buried only this time they can never recover their precious gem ever again. Friends lose one, or their only, trustworthy outlet to vent out all their problems and secrets to. The Earth loses one more person that could’ve made some sort of difference, that person that had a life to live. All these problems have become a national issue and are the results of the large percentage of pretentious posers in American society that cause children, teens, and adults to opt out of enforcing their natural birthright; to live. According to the National Education Association 160,000 children miss school every day in fear of other students. â€Å"1 of 7 students in grade K-12 is either a bully or a victim of bullying.† After conversing with an educator who worked in a school in the rural part of the state I have learned that bullying differs between rural and urban areas. In rural areas sexuaity drives bullying more than in urban areas, gender roles are more valued in remote areas. The educator had observed that adolescents that haven’t yet discovered their sexuality and are currently experimenting by wearing opposite gender clothes are outcasted. Although I am aware of this issue and have heard about it, it’s still mind boggling to me considering in my school, now and before, this wasn’t an issue. Girls including me would wear boy shirts as aShow MoreRelatedThe Case Against Bullying in Schools Essay1297 Words   |  6 Pagesnote, â€Å"Your children, who have ridiculed me, who have chosen not to accept me, who have treated me like I am not worth their time, are dead.† Experts report that bullying is a serious and widespread problem which can lead to school shootings and suicide. Not only that, but it is dangerously underrated as schools and adults are not taking the problem serious enough. Day after day throughout the country, kids wake up terrified to go to school, knowing they will be the victims of teasing, tauntingRead MoreEssay Bullying1404 Words   |  6 PagesBullying What is bullying? We might have seen it every day, and we still do not know what it is. In the short story â€Å"Black Boy,† Richard Wright shows how he was bullied as a young African American boy. However, bullying is not limited to one type of person living in one time period. It still exists today in the form of young people getting bullied on the streets, and at school. It could be very harmful, and could lead to serious damages, but sometimes it could help  by making people stand  up forRead MoreDo School Uniforms Help Students? Essay1445 Words   |  6 Pagesmeans that uniforms can be used for schools including both small children and adolescents of all ages and sizes, so uniforms are used way too early when parents could want their kids to look their best for their child’s style. Opposing arguments say that uniforms are good. They claim that they seem to decrease bullying, dispel distractions, and reduce morning prep-time. For example, Ray Rivera, principal of a K-8 Eastwood Knolls in El Paso, Texas, quotes, â€Å"Occurrence of fighting among students was prettyRead MoreCauses And Effects Of Bullying1297 Words   |  6 PagesEffects of Bullying Bullying is a big issue that spreads through the world. It can happen to anyone of all ages, and in numerous ways. Bullying is unwanted, aggressive behavior among people that involves a real or perceived power imbalance that either repeats or has the potential to repeat, overtime (Bullying Definition). There are so many factors that tie into bullying such as, why the bully is actually bullying, why the bully chose that victim, or even the effects that occur while the bullying is takingRead MoreCyber Bullying is a Crime Essay examples1326 Words   |  6 PagesMost of us have heard the saying â€Å"sticks and stones may break my bones, but words will never hurt me†. With today’s technology, that saying may no longer hold true. Studies show that in the past five years, online bullying has quadrupled (M. Ross, 3). The technology has given bullies a whole another proposal for their actions; virtual name-calling can have harsh effects on the security of kids and teens in to day’s society. An online bully is someone who sends messages via technology, hides behindRead MoreFitting And Living Up At Someone Else s Idea Of `` Perfect `` Isn t Easy Essay1604 Words   |  7 Pagesa bully. Bullying has been around for the longest time and probably will never go away. Children wake up scared to face another school day and adults dread having to deal with another work day, all because those are environments where bullying most often takes place. Bullying is a very serious problem in the world today and it goes unnoticed. Bullying isn’t just a face to face encounter. There are multiple types of bullying. Such as physical, verbal, social and cyber. Physical bullying involves anyRead MoreHelp To Prevent Cyber Bullying Essay577 Words   |  3 Pagessomeone on the internet. Cyber bullying is posting something mean or rude on an electronic device to hurt a person. It’s the same thing as regular bullying except it’s not physical. Much of cyber bullying is done anonymously but there is the occasional few who show themselves. Many people find the internet and electronics as a beautiful thing that has helped our world achieve so many things and it is true, it has helped with a lot of things. But a lot of people just look at that side of the internetRead MoreBullying Is Good Or Bad?1365 Words   |  6 PagesClarkson song that goes â€Å"What doesn’t kill you makes you stronger.† This quote can strongly imply in the case of bullying because being a bully makes a person stronger and who does not want to be a strong, bad ass person? Everyone should be able to bully and bully whomever they want. Bullying should be taking place in the classroom, online via Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter but why stop there? Bullying should be happening on the road, in the drive thru, at Starbucks, on the golf course, at the footballRead MoreThe Shape Of A Girl Essay1608 Words   |  7 Pagesperspective, Canadian playwright Joan MacLeod is well-known for her accurate portrayal of teenagers. In 2002, she published The Shape of a Girl, a play related to the dramatic story of a young girl named Reena Virk who was tragically affected by bullying , a characteristic behavior of adolescent development. Throughout The Shape of a Girl, MacLeod effectively exploits the Aristotelian dramatic elements and she uses Reena Virk’s story as well as the thoughts that it produces in the antagonist’s mindRead MoreBullying : Bullying And Bullying1366 Words   |  6 PagesKyle McBrady Ms. Coyle English 2A (3) 9 December 2014 Bullying Leading to Violence Bullying is when a person abuses his power to another person by causing physical or mental harm to the victim who is often weaker, says Dictionary.com (Bullying). This definition can be applied to a recent story in The Washington Post, where bullying caused a student by the name of Jaylen Fryberg to shoot his friends in a lunchroom cafeteria. Jaylen and his girlfriend had recently broken up and she began cyberbullying

Working at McDonalds by Amitai Etzioni Free Essays

In response to â€Å"Working at McDonald’s† by Amitai Etzioni I think that Etzioni is way off on his evaluation of the lower skill, lower paying jobs in America. He makes it sound as if the employer must provide some sort of skill along with their jobs that will provide a learning experience. Why? Where in the Constitution does it state that employers must provide their employees with training while paying them to do work? It does not. We will write a custom essay sample on Working at McDonalds by Amitai Etzioni or any similar topic only for you Order Now And what of the people that choose jobs such as those provided by McDonalds simply because they wish to have less responsibility, as is shown in the recent movie â€Å"American Pie†. In this movie the main character quit his corporate, good paying job and applied for a regular burger flipping position at McDonalds because he was tired of the stress. And what about higher pay and benefits? The way the American economic system is set up, there must be some low paying jobs because there is always menial tasks that must be done and unskilled workers to do them. Say for instance, that everyone was guaranteed at least ten dollars an hour, no matter what the job was. There would therefore be no reason for some people to get an education because they knew they would have a decent job paying at least ten dollars an hour. This would also upset the people who had gotten an education only to find out they made little or no more than uneducated people now. Employers, now that they had to pay drastically higher wages, would have to charge much higher prices. Now the people earning the higher wages are right back to where they started, because the extra money they earn now just goes back to the employer. It†s just a vicious cycle, and higher wages or jobs that teach new skills to those who don†t need them are just not practical. As hard as you argue, the simple fact sticks is ugly head out, there are always low pay, low skill jobs for those who have no wish to better themselves in life. How to cite Working at McDonalds by Amitai Etzioni, Papers

Leadership Style of Bill Gates †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Leadership Style of Bill Gates. Answer: Introdcution: Bill Gates is the owner of Microsoft and describing his leadership style it can be accessed that he offers a more of a participative form of leadership. We can also refer the style of leadership as democratic style because it involves the input of values from the employees. Bill Gates believes in this theory and style and seeks for the success of an overall company. It is said that the success of Microsoft is due to the driving force of Bill Gates attitude along with his enthusiasm and hard work. He very well understands the business and the fluctuations that change the business environment and thus, Microsoft have been able to withstand all the difficulties to achieve success. Compared to the leadership style of Bill Gates, Steve Jobs offered a more of autocratic style of leadership. He was the only authoritarian of the company who did not bother to collect any input from his team members. Being the only person in charge he made all the decisions depending on the ideas that he conceives. This might seem to be harsh, but the style has given the great opportunity to Steve Jobs success. His key skill was Innovation and paying great respect and dedication for this innovation; Jobs has been able to make his company the most successful tech of the globe. He focused on the design of the computers that has benefited the company and the customers as well. Jobs prioritize the significance of taking a risk, and he is known as to be one of the biggest risk takers and leader of the world. Steve Jobs is reflective to his perspective and lunch from his mistakes easily. He is adaptable to changes in his self (Hill McShane, 2008). Bill Gates versus Steve Jobs Both the leaders are the enthusiast and much serious about their companies. However, considering the creativity level, Steve was more creative. On the other hand, if we considered the leadership styles would get is more efficient as a leader and management executive then Steve Jobs. He never thought of working alone and tried to develop the company with incorporating ideas of his team. To run an organisation, it will be advisable to use the management style and leadership style of Bill Gates along with the creativity and innovation of Steve Jobs. Both the leaders were great motivators. The team management system offered by Bill Gates was much more efficient than that of Steve Jobs. Bill Gates believes that working with the employees and taking an input of their ideas will lead to the development and success of the company. Whereas, Steve Jobs was many enthusiasts about his Innovation and ideas to develop the computer and operating systems for the customers and gain more popularity. According to the team management offered by Bill Gates, it is witnessed that he prioritises the feedback from his team members. This makes it easy for him to co-operate with the employees and bring out the maximum skills and talent his members are a position. On the other hand, Steve Jobs was less reluctant to hear from his team members, and that gradually led him to witness the downfall of his innovations. However, his talent and innovative ideas influence his team members in a positive way to work for his company. Steve Jobs is also concerned with the development which company. After t he launch of the iMac system, when there was the disruption in his relationship with the company and his partner, he faced great hardship and later on when he returned as an interim CEO of Apple, his ideologies had changed until then. This time he was a good leader who takes input from his team members to think more rationally and develop technical strategies for making Apple the biggest hub of computers (Carpenter, Bauer Erdogan, 2010). If you are in such an organization managing a team with huge expectation and leadership from their manager, identify what style of communication you would use to motivate your team Management and leadership qualities are interrelated with each other. A company which have high expectation from their performance needs a better guide and a management system. For being a good manager, it is necessary to exercise leadership styles properly on the employees of the company. The first and foremost thing to motivate the employees is to communicate with them. To motivate the employees through communication procedures, there are certain techniques which are as follows: Scheduled communication and oriented meetings once a week- arranging for scheduled meeting is necessary for both the management and the employees to communicate with each other. There might not be any valid purpose of the meeting but a platform of open communication. This will lead to hazard free and flexibility of the relationship. Asking questions to the Employees- it is necessary to go for random question answer rounds with the employees. They should be given the scope to speak up and communicate their problems to the management. This will help the management to build a better relationship with them and look for ways to solve their issues. Showing interest and concern for the employees- showing interest in the employee's behaviour and concerns make them feel taken care of, and that motivates them to stay dedicated to their work (Ramasamy, 2009). Offering solution to the Employees issues that frustrates them- for keeping the relationship positive it is important for the management to offer the proper solution to the Employees frustrations. It is not concerned with their personal issues but with the situations that they face within the company. Empathizing with the employees offers a better source of positivity. Keeping Communications positive- it is important to make positive communication with the employees that will influence and motivate them to work for the company. Instead of rebuking them for there for performance, management must give them opportunities and offer rewards for the improvement that make them feel galvanized (Daft, 2009). References Carpenter, M. A., Bauer, T., Erdogan, B. (2010).Principles of management. Daft, R. L. (2009).Principles of management. South-Western, Cengage Learning india Pvt. Limited. Hill, C. W., McShane, S. L. (2008).Principles of management(pp. 404-20). McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Ramasamy, T. (2009).Principles of management. Global Media.

Communication Difficulties That May Exist free essay sample

Communication difficulties that may exist and how these can be overcome. Communication difficulties may occur between individuals or groups and may arise for a variety of reasons. These reasons must be considered and strategies developed to overcome them. Lack of confidence Adults can sometimes act in an aggressive way if they are unsure about what they are doing or lack confidence. I need to be sensitive and offer encouragement and support. To help a child with lack of confidence I use praise, support and encouragement to try and overcome the problem and help them gain confidence. Opposing expectations As some people do not have the same ideas about the purpose of an activity, meeting or idea, I need to clarify exactly what I am there to do and why I am there to do it. Different values and ideas People have different methods of dealing with situations. Parents may not always agree with the school on the way pupils have been asked to do something. We will write a custom essay sample on Communication Difficulties That May Exist or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This should be discussed and common ground established. Cultural differences As people have different cultures and expectations they communicate in different ways. In some cultures eye contact is discouraged so I would need to find alternative verbal and non-verbal clues. Poor communication Conflict can occur when communication has not been effective. This may be due to a misunderstanding or because information has not been passed on. To overcome this I would discuss with them the problem, find the cause and a way forward, so both parties are satisfied with the outcome. Cont .. K9 – Cont .. External factors Some adults or children may have home pressures or issues that affect how they communicate. As I get to know them I will be able to identify if they are behaving in an uncharacteristic way and offer support. SEN/Speech Impairment People with specific needs may not be able to speak or be anxious or nervous. If I were communicating with someone with a speech disorder I would let him or her take their time and not fill in the words for them or guess what they were going to say. It may be that additional training would be required in sign language to communicate with deaf children or additional resources required for children with SEN/ASL needs.

Time Of Change Essays - Beowulf, Geats, English-language Films

Time Of Change The amount of bravery and courage displayed by Beowulf in his fights with three different fiends surpasses that of most. Victories over his enemies demand massive power and strength, traits only evident in Beowulf. Each battle appears similar to the others in that Beowulf succeeds in killing his enemy, yet differences exist between the three confrontations. Each of the three battles differs from one another in the preparation leading in to the fight, the means of warfare, and its effect on Beowulf. The preparations made by Beowulf before each of his battles includes different strategies and plots. In preparing for his first battle, Beowulf lures the wretched monster Grendel in to Hrothgars hall. In order to direct Grendel into a favorable location for the fight, Beowulf sacrifices a Geat soldier. A helpless, despairing soldier perished when, Grendel snatched at the first Geat he came to, ripped him apart, cut his body to bits with powerful jaws, drank the blood from his veins and bolted him down, hands and feet (739). Prior to the clash, Beowulf calculated the importance of good fighting grounds. This brutal sacrifice granted Beowulf a favorable location to attack Grendel. To prepare for the battle with Grendels mother, Beowulf armored himself with chain mail and trudged out to the marsh of Grendels mothers residence. He ventured to find the greedy she-wolf whod ruled those waters for half a hundred years (1511). Rather than allowing Grendels mother to search for him, Beowulf s plashed down into the water with fearful Geats looking on. Beowulf chose to attack Grendels mother, opposed to allowing her come to him. A more aggressive approach gave him an early advantage in the fight. Old age crept up on Beowulf, the most experienced warrior of all, yet he placed aside his age and pronounced he would battle The Dragon, with his sights set on winning treasure. These fortunes included those discovered at Sutton Hoo, which were a helmet, gold coins and silver bowls (Sutton Hoo 34). Beowulfs courage and valor surface when he says, Ive never known fear; as a youth I fought in endless battles. I am old, now, but I will fight again, seek fame still, if the dragon hiding in his tower dares to face me (2511). Death seemed a likely possibility for Beowulf in the confrontation with The Dragon. This dual presented him with three main threats. In the Anglo-Saxon work The Seafarer, the old sailor identified these three threats when he says, No man has ever faced the dawn cer tain which of Fates three threats would fall: illness, or age, or an enemys sword, snatching the life from this soul (Seafarer 68). Knowing this battle would be the toughest he had ever faced, Beowulf prepared himself with armor, a shield, and a sword. The challenge of The Dragon surpassed any other previously presented to Beowulf; therefore weapons and protection were necessary. Each fight involving Beowulf saw him presented with different problems and challenges, therefore preparation for these fights altered between each. The means and methods of warfare differ in the battles involving Beowulf. In the fight with Grendel, Beowulf insisted on using no weapons other than his bare hands. Beowulfs mentality becomes evident when he says, This fiend is a bold and famous fighter, but his claws and teeth scratching my shield, his clumsy fists beating at my sword blade, would be helpless. I will meet him with my hands empty (679). Beowulf takes pride in winning fair battles. Using weapons would, in his mind, give him an unfair advantage against the man-eating beast, thus making a victory dishonorable. The means of warfare in the clash between Beowulf and Grendels mother involved weapons, rather than sheer power. Grendels mother uses swords, and Beowulf uses chain mail and a helmet to protect himself. Beowulf swung his sword, his ring-marked blade, straight at her head; then iron sang its fierce song, sang Beowulfs strength (1543). Battling Grendels mother required much more protection than fighting her son, due to her immense strength and power. Even the sharpest and most deadly of Beowulfs weapons failed to penetrate the hide of her neck. The means of warfare used by The Dragon and Beowulf in

Discrimination Broken Down essays

Discrimination Broken Down essays Why should a company have to lower its standards of hiring the best people? Why should a university not try to recruit the top students in the country? They shouldn ¡Ã‚ ¯t have too. However, Fred L. Pincus, an associate professor of sociology at the University of Maryland Baltimore County, would like them to change their standards in order to avoid the appearance of discrimination. In his article entitled, From Individualism to Structural Discrimination, published in Rereading America: Cultural Contexts for Critical Thinking and Writing, Pincus breaks discrimination into three specific types. He succeeds in explaining the more common types of discrimination, but his explanation of  ¡Ã‚ °structural discrimination ¡ is not as effective and causes him to lose credibility in his argument that all three types of discrimination must be confronted if  ¡Ã‚ °racial equality is to be achieved ¡ (592). From the start of Pincus ¡Ã‚ ¯s article, he is conveying his biased opinion. He states,  ¡Ã‚ °Prejudice ¡ does not necessarily lead to discrimination ¡ and discrimination is not always caused by prejudice ¡ (586). Pincus ¡Ã‚ ¯s explanation of what discrimination is sounds like a contradiction. Everyone knows that the roots of discrimination can be found in people ¡Ã‚ ¯s prejudices. Discrimination is always caused by prejudice. Pincus uses his position as a professor of sociology to convince the reader that his opinion should be taken as fact. He references the book Black Power, written by Stokley Carmichael and Charles Hamilton. In this  ¡Ã‚ °influential book ¡ (587) the authors do differentiate discrimination into two types, individual and institutional. Pincus, however, decides to explain not two, but three types of discrimination. He calls the last type of discrimination  ¡Ã‚ °Structural discrimination. ¡ Nobody could possibly argue with Pincus about his first type of discrimination and his classification of it. It...

Complusory Insurance bill Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Complusory Insurance bill - Essay Example Whilst participation consent is implied in respect of injuries falling within the ambit of inherent risks in the game, the extent of this "consent" has become contentious in practice with negligence liability arising for non-contact sport in addition to contact sport. For example, in the case of Condon v Basi ([1985] 1 WLR) it was asserted that an "inherent risk" in the game for the purpose of determining implied consent was essentially a question of fact, dependent on the circumstances of the game, including the regulations, the rules and customs and the inherent dangers. It was further stated that this was an objective test. Accordingly, the parameters of liability have remained uncertain with regard to who the appropriate tortfeaser is, along with the extent of liability for both professional and amateur players bringing claims in negligence. For example, in the leading case of Smoldon v Whitworth (1997] PIQR 133) it was determined that a referee of the Rugby Union match was liable for injuries suffered by a rugby player by another player as a result of a collapsed scrum. In this particular case, the referee had failed to enforce the rules of the International Rugby Board as applied to a rugby game, in which there were more than 20 collapsed scrums. Furthermore, there had also been complaints from certain players, a warning from one of the touch judges and shouts from the spectators. Furthermore, in the more recent case of Vowles v Evans ([2002] EWHC 2612), the Court of Appeal asserted that at all levels of sport a referee owed a duty to take reasonable care for the safety of players. Legal commentators have suggested that these cases by analogy point towards potential liability of coaches for failing to take reasonable care for the safety of their players. However, the liability of coaches remains ambiguous as it has been untested, however in light the Smoldon decision, the categories of potential defendants has clearly widened in sports injury claims. It is also important to mention that the relevant organisation putting on the game could also be liable for the player's injuries. For example, in the case of Watson v British Boxing Board of Control [2001]2 WLR 1256, it was held that the Board owed Watson a duty of care to provide appropriate resuscitation equipment and a person or persons qualified to use such equipment at the ringside. The Court made it clear that it was the duty of the Board and of those advising it on medical matters to be proactive in accounting for foreseeable risks and to seek competent advice as to how a recognised danger could be combated. Firstly, in the case of Condon v Basi ([1985]) the Court of Appe

Scaffolding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Scaffolding - Essay Example Scaffolding instructions describe specialized training strategies geared toward supporting learning when the trainees are first introduced to a new aspect. Scaffolding gives trainees a situation, motivation and foundation from which to appreciate the new lessons introduced to them (Coackley, 1994). Tasks that are too difficult will be outside the trainees’ level of developmental scope and might have detrimental effects. Bridging the gap between their actual development and the potential, desired results might not be possible because frustration sets in. A core task of the fundamental steps in scaffolding entails keeping the trainees from getting frustrated. Enabling them to bridge the space between the real and the potentially possible skills depends on the resources or support the coach provides (Wood, Bruner, & Ross, 1976). On the other hand, setting the standards too low may drive them into boredom and loss of motivation. In the case of coaching teenagers’ soccer, th e coach’s first step was to build their interest and engage their active participation. The trainees see the coach as knowledgeable about the content of soccer as well as a facilitator with the skills, strategies and processes required for coaching. The coach not only helps motivate trainees by providing basic support to enable them to achieve the objective, but also offers support in the form of modeling and highlighting the critical features of soccer, and providing hints and questions that might help them to reflect (Wood, Bruner, & Ross, 1976). Towards this end, the coach requires some personal attributes like pleasantness, a sense of humor, even temper, courtesy, sympathy and enthusiasm (Coackley, 1994). Once the coach achieves participation, he breaks down the training programme into smaller and simpler units. There are specialized drills for strikers, defenders, midfielders and goalkeepers. It begins with each group identifying what and how they ought to achieve. True player growth takes place when each player’s routine training and playing surroundings are of the best standard (Ewing & Seefeldt, 1990). Having a consistent environment and a clear visualization of what is ahead for them maximized the trainees’ development. The coach used video clips and specially arranged soccer fields as teaching aids. The coach consistently uses video analysis of both group and individual performance. He develops the analysis in the region of problem solving thoughts. A trade of questions, suggestions and answers between the coach and players and then again between the players themselves is always productive. The coach stressed the significance of video analysis immediately following the activity. That is when the trainee had a feel for the action. Video feedback had its greatest impact in training sessions where evaluation followed by immediate recurrence of the action took place in a coach controlled situation (Ewing & Seefeldt, 1990). In areas w here the trainees are succeeding, the coach’s and teaching aid’s assistance are reduced. In the same way, he provided more assistance where he observed struggling (Coackley, 1994). Brief viewing periods plus the coach’s analysis were followed by attempts to correct as well as improve on performance. Correction had to be positive, not negative. The coach stopped talking and listened. The idea was to avoid filling the trainees’ minds with details, but allow them to think and analyze for themselves. He was only to

Democracy Enable And Disable Social Movements Politics Essay

Democracy Enable And Disable Social Movements Politics Essay Democracy has been one of the greatest aspirations of Modernity and one of its greatest disappointments. The passing of centuries between the collapse of the Ancient Greek precursor and the reestablishment of democracy as a viable system makes its recent globalisation all the more remarkable. The revival of democracy was achieved in part through the victories of social movements over entrenched interests. (Esche 2001: 17) It is true that social movements were determinant for the implementation of democratic systems throughout the world. However, the question concerning this paper is whether democracies are determinant to social movements. Therefore this paper will explore in which ways does democracy enable and/or disable social movements. It will conclude that although democracy is, in theory, the system more prone to the appearance of social movements it is also a regime that, in practice, can prevent and restrict them. The first section of this paper will briefly overview the concepts of democracy and social movements in order to provide a framework for the argument. The second will explore in what ways democracies have provided spaces for social movements to occur. The third, will discuss the opposite. That is, how democratic systems, intentionally or unintentionally, have constrained the rise of associational forms. Both arguments will be illustrated with case studies from experiences within the developing countries. Finally, some concluding remarks will be offered in the end. As Tilly (2003) explained democracy as oligarchy, autocracy for example is a kind of regime and that means that it is a set of relations between a government and persons subject to that governments jurisdiction (p.25). Democracy can also take many dimensions and forms and they differ greatly from one another. For instance, there are liberal democracies and there are representative democracies; there are pluralistic democracies and there are constitutional democracies. This is relevant for the argument because the level of democracy, being the liberal democracy the most flexible one, might have an impact on the creation or restriction at the civil society level. Nevertheless, although they might differ in their construction they also share common values. One of the most important is that it should serve the best interests of their constituents echoing Abraham Lincolns ideal of government of the people, by the people, for the people. In other words, a democracy allows for debate and for decisions to be made according to the will of the majority. It also allows for the creation of spaces between the private sphere and the state. These spaces are the ones where mediation is made between the state and the people or formally known as civil society: Civil society could be viewed as but one form of the political relationship between state and society. [It is] an intermediate associational realm between state and family populated by organisations which are separate from the state, enjoy autonomy in relation to the state and are formed voluntary by members of society to protect or advance their interests and values (White 1996: 181-2). From this definition an important characteristic is worth pointing out. Indeed, an independent civil society is the one who can truly voice peoples discontent. This is because any association with the state can severely undermine their intentions. Without an independent civil society the balance of power can never be challenged; the level of accountability cannot be increased and the chances of having grievances transformed into favourable legislation will be impossible. Furthermore, if the civil society is not independent there is the risk of social movements becoming institutionalised as it will be discussed in a further section. Now that both democracy and social movements it is time to look at the main argument and explore in what ways democracy promotes or disables democracy. It was with the introduction of democracy that the world has seen a dramatic increase in social mobility levels, in more opportunities for education and above all a feeling of individual freedom allied with the right to associate without fear of persecution. Stories from North Korea or China stand to make the argument that democracy is the most open and flexible system. It was with the advent of democracy that previously unrepresented groups began to have both political representation and protection in the form of legislation. One of the most visible social movements throughout history has been the womens movement. Seeking to have representation in the political world women have been fighting in traditional patriarchal societies for their equal place in society. In Ghana the transition to democracy opened a space for women to target their grievances by mobilising women to engage in political activity. This was due to two main factors. First, the pre-democratic regime made impossible for women to even consider the debate of their situation. As soon as democracy was installed women were quick to mobilise and bring the issue into public debate. Second, if a democracy means representation of different groups in society surely women had to be also part of the political life of Ghana (Fallon 2008). This is, however, problematic and sometimes even undesirable. If all groups demand representation then it will be harder to reach consensus, especially in countries with a large number of different ethnicities or religious beliefs. Another feature of democracy, besides the right of freedom of association, is accountability. That is, people have the right to question and protest against any measure or action taken by their government. A key feature for the success of social movements is working governments institutions such as an independent judicial system where everyone, including the government itself, is not free from obeying the law. This was the case in Brazil where President Lulas government faced corruption charges due to misuse of public money. A free press, independent from the government, led the people in searching questions and demanding answers (Flynn 2005: 1260). However, accountability is not only related to the rule of law. It is also attached to a governments position on certain issues as previously mentioned. For instance, the United States (US) war on terror has created much discontent within their own borders and caused an anti-war movement due mostly to unilateral decisions such as going to war with Iraq and Afghanistan ironically in the name of democracy and as leaders of the free world. In 2002, Kellner recommended that the war should be fought not on military terms but by a global movement condemning terrorism. Since then there has been a movement, or several, but condemning US use of violent means. Perhaps the best example on how a democratic system allows for social movements lies in the city of Porto Alegre, Brazil. In a country with high-levels of inequalities both between classes and between regions the city of Porto Alegre, with an alternative model of participatory democracy, exhibits a high level of social re-distribution (Ponniah and Fisher 2003: 181). There are, however, several ways in which democracy or the process of democratisation disabling or restricting social movements. The first one has to do with the transition from any kind of authoritarian rule to democracy. A transversal problem across several transitions in the developing world is the fact that the same power structures and elites remain in place (Garretà ³n 1997, Gibbon 1997, Prevost 2006, White 1996). Usually, movements that attain power are not organised or powerful enough to constitute a secure government. Therefore they have to make concessions with old power structures such as the military in order to form a government. In South Africa, the African National Congress (ANC) had to accept that: [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] the old government bureaucracy would have to be maintained. [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] It did not have the people to fully replace the existing government bureaucracy both in terms of their sheer number and out of a lack of appropriate skills in a wide range of areas (Prevost 2006: 170). As a consequence the same kind of policies and reluctance in accepting a black majority rule prevented in specific the actions of the black movement to be fully realised and in general democracy to be deepened. In South Korea a similar pattern, of restrictive democracy, emerged in the late 1980s. With democracy a large number of organizations entered civil society causing some social and political unrest. However, the political elite joined the two opposition parties into the government and formed a new hegemonic party. White (1996) explains the advantages of forming the latter. First, it absorbs opposition leaders. Second, by doing that the established elites maintain their power and influence in decision-making. The second way in which democracies disable social movements happens when democracy is already in place. If the movements were focused on one aim to overthrow the government then when they achieve it they lose their main thrust and, eventually, become fragmented. As mentioned, democracy opens spaces for unrepresented groups and because within any society there are so many different groups demanding political representation it becomes difficult to mobilise any kind of collective action as there is not a coherent and unique grievance (Melucci 1988, Menon 2000). In some cases, and because there is not a wider movement to support it, some forms of protest are not organised and are destined to fail (Dong 1997). Furthermore, movements might actually compete with each other which further weaken the movements (John 2000, White 1996). A third way in which movements might be disabled is when they become institutionalised (Berger 2003, Flynn 2005, Melucci 1988, Prevost 2006). Becoming institutionalised is when movements lose their independent status. This can happen in three ways. Firstly, in order to have access to power, or resources, social movements might need to associate with mainstream political parties (Houtzager 2000). Secondly, governments in order to gain support but also to avoid contestation co-opt key community leaders into the political system (Prevost 2006: 169). By doing so they are eliminating the radical and influential individuals from their natural habitat the civil society. Both the ANC in South Africa and President Lulas Partido Trabalhador (PT) have used this tactic to gain acceptance and to diminish to possibilities of social movements to mobilise. But movements can also be co-opted by non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Disillusioned with the lack of political space offered by the gover nment and lacking funds, movements often resort to NGOs for support. Eventually, this relationship turns into dependency and because of that they have to accept external policies from NGOs which in turn restricts organizations agenda-setting as this becomes set by western donors priorities. In Guatemala, the womens movement known as Guatelmatacas became a provider of social services replacing governments functions. This was in part because they were representing the interests of NGOs and not their own. As Berger (2003) described it womens groups in due course shifted from a strategy of confrontation to one of conciliation (p. 205). A fourth way that accelerates the weakening of social movements is the advancement of capitalism and its instrument neo-liberalism. Esche argued that capitalism and democracies have developed a special relationship, that it to say that capitalism prefers democratic environments and that democracy favours the introduction of capitalism. He also argued that this simple account of democracy and capitalism should be avoided mainly because capitalism is also able to penetrate in authoritarian governments. However, Roberts (1998) points out that capitalism and market forces at work in democracies accelerate the fragmentation and weakening of popular collective subjects, the labour movement in particular and that neo liberalism has the remarkable capacity to neutralise and dissolve its opposition (p. 270). Capitalism thrives on inequalities and therefore these have to be maintained in an elegant way by governments. This shows that governments and for that matter democracy itself are unable to protect the interests of their citizens. To finalise the argument on how democracies disable social movements it is important to explore the role of the media. One might think that media and specifically the internet, is only used as a propaganda tool in authoritarian countries but the fact is that it is also used in democracies such as the US. In other words, internet technology can be used [..] for democratic or non-democratic means (Hand and Sandywell 2002: 212). If the internet is restricted and controlled in China it is also used as a propaganda tool for democratic countries. The war on terror ideology of good versus evil, the election of Barack Obama as president of the US have shown how democratic countries can also use the internet as a political tool. More recently the Tea Party movement is using the internet to mobilise a grassroots movement with vested interests pro-corporate, anti-tax, anti-regulation. (Monbiot 2010: 29) However, in the context of social movements this is to ignore the fact that it is also a to ol for movements to mobilise groups and create networks of activity beyond the physical world. It is true that the internet is not at the moment a democratic arena but like the majority of the transitions to democracy it will take several social movements to democratise it. This paper has shown that democracy can enable and disable social movements. These possibilities are dependent on the type of democracy but also on how much the civil society sphere can remain autonomous from governments apparatus. If it remains truly autonomous then it is possible to alter the balance of power. As an enabler it was discussed in this paper that democracies allow for the creation of a space between the state and the private sphere. It also allows, on the one hand, for people to associate and express their grievances and, on the other hand, for previously represented groups to engage in political activities. One would say that these two allowances should be enough to guarantee success for all movements. However, there are several ways in which democracy disables movements. First, the transition to democracy does not mean that old elites and power structures are removed meaning that although the terminology has evolved maybe the ways of doing politics have not. Second, on the instalment of democracy movements become fragmented. Movements fight different, smaller, and unfocused battles and this lead to either their extinction or their relevance. As democracies mature so do their governments. In order to control possible future movements, governments co-opt leaders and thus, movements lose their autonomy. This is aggravated with western NGOs advocating westernised ideals. Finally, the spread and level of capitalism penetration in developing countries means that no means are excluded in order to maintain both inequalities and special interests in place. Regarding the media, and with special attention to the internet it was explained that it can work as a force for both democratic and non-democratic fields but above all it allows for the creation of virtual transnational networks of social movements.

“Little boy crying” by Mervin Morris Essay

Mervin Morris writes â€Å"Little boy crying† making reference to the relationship between a kid and an adult, who in this case is his father. Throughout the poem different feelings and emotions are expressed, not only of the child but also of the man. The little boy turned his â€Å"recently relaxed† face into â€Å"tight† because of that â€Å"quick slap struck† his â€Å"guilty† father gave him. But despite the fact that the kid took his father as a â€Å"grim giant† because of hitting him, this man’s intention was not to make him suffer of pain or anything like that; it was just an unwanted but necessary little punishment, perhaps for a prank or misbehaviour. In fact the father felt â€Å"guilty† and full of â€Å"sorrow†. Mervin introduces an allegory of a rather famous story called: â€Å"Jack and the beanstalk†. The child imagined his father as an â€Å"ogre†, who climbed a huge tree. â€Å"He hates him†. He imagined himself â€Å"chopping clean the tree he’s scrambling down or plotting deeper pits to trap him†, as it happens in â€Å"Jack and the beanstalk†. The relationship between the â€Å"three-year-old† full of â€Å"frustration† child and the adult seems to be bursting of complications because the kid is quite capricious and the man has to punish him, so that he learns not to do whatever he wants without evaluating the consequences before. But he â€Å"cannot understand, not yet† how his â€Å"easy tears† affect his father who is wishing to â€Å"curb† boy’s sadness. Even though an ogre can punish you, you know that he loves you and that you have to learn the â€Å"lessons† from him, because you know, very deep inside, that ogre is your father. That last sentence can summaries the moral of the poem. This particular poem uses words to make the reader feel he or she is â€Å"seeing† it, or being part of it: â€Å"the quick slap struck†, this last sentence is composed of monosyllabic words that imitate the sound of the hit. Another example of this â€Å"trying the reader to feel part of the poem† is the use of the â€Å"you†; it is a kind of conversation between the writer and the reader. Other images that facilitate this process are made by the use of words or phrases suggesting movement or sound, like â€Å"chopping† and â€Å"scrambling down†. But in this poem is not all about the kid, and his feelings, the other character has a very important role. He has to pretend being something is not; â€Å"behind that mask† there is a man who suffers the situation more that the kid, but he has to be seen as a strict authority, as any parent must. This poem reflects nothing but the truth of an ordinary relationship between any father and his son during the growing and maturing process of the kid; but it does not end there: in the last paragraph, which is also the last line, there is a nine words long sentence emphasized by being left alone, that carries a moral in it: â€Å"you must not make a plaything of the rain†. This is a metaphor that could be translated as: â€Å"you must not cry just because† (the rain represents the tears).

Government Growth in an Age of Improvement Essay

Democratic accountability is supposed to be alive and well in any political system rather than a government ran on â€Å"auto-pilot† at the expense of neglected and so expected taxpayers and rightful citizens. Introduction It should sound ironical that the president should continue to choose cabinet and sub cabinet officers and both the president and the congress continue to remain accountable to the American people through elections and exercise the power of the purse unlike in other democratic countries a great lack of interest in political administration is evident in the United Nations, resulting to deeper strains in American Society at large. The US has never created a high level, government-wide-civil service or a highly skilled and experienced top executive political manpower. The control of government policies is vested in an informal enduring series of â€Å"iron triangles† who are a link between particular program proposed to the relevant executive bureau, congressional committees and interest groups clientele the iron triangles are disastrously incomplete since they hardly understand changes in politics and administration but rather look for the powerful actors with whom to do business (P. 88). The job of presidential appointees in controlling their own actions and managing the bureaucracy are ultimately complicated. The problem arises where politicians, officials and their fellow travelers fail to meet what the public can understand and accept; thus registering large strains of American politics and society. Organized politics are dissolved and organizational life throughout the nation is politicized. Government Growth in an Age of Improvement The late 1950s and entire 1960s witnessed a wave of federal initiatives in health, civil rights, education, housing, manpower, income maintenance, transportation and urban affairs all associated with low government expenditure. Newer types of welfare concerns such as consumer protection, the environment, cancer prevention, energy, etc. have characterized an ambitious, reform minded period and a big government. However, there has been astonishingly little increase in the overall size of the federal executive establishment. Federal employment never grew either in comparison with spending and regulations (P. 89). Higher costs of existing policies are just one explanation of expanding government and stable bureaucracy and has been important in income maintenance programs. Another explanation is lack of administering programs directly to general population but rather act through intermediary organizations such as state governments, city halls, third party payers, consultants, contractors etc. making the contract between the ordinary citizen and a federal bureaucrat quite rare. This promotes the idea of government by remote control. This in essence is advantageous to the federal government builds support for policies, translating otherwise indivisible collective goods into terms suitable for distributive politics (P. 91). Sidestepping the tremendously difficult task of creating a broad national consensus for the governments administered activities is another advantage. This method of policies has led to mushrooming of federal regulations much in common with federal spending – the government can use regulations and tell the public and private bureaucracies what to do. The federal policy makers are left to distribute funds and bear blames when things go wrong. The style of retailing promises of improved policies and wholesaling the administrative headaches connected with delivery has left the people to expect the government to solve problems but not to get in anyone’s way in the process (P. 93). These results to policy pile up. Washington has in the end been put to the worst of both world-blamed for poor delivery by its public customers and besieged with bills from its middlemen. The possibility of both politicizing organizational life and depoliticizing democratic leadership is an area of concern. Since 1950s greatest policy growth was advocated – programs seeking social betterment in terms of civil rights, income, housing, environment, consumer protection etc. otherwise known as welfare policies. The idea of compensation is a theme in the clamor of group politics meaning that the federal government should put things right fits well for the groups that are disadvantaged and special treatment is required for truly equal opportunity to prevail and for those representing the disadvantaged. The government action is required to redress the impact of the selfish private interests. The prevalent feeling in the US that â€Å"there oughtta be policy† and the connotation of getting in on society’s compensations is decidedly positive. New initiatives in federal funding and regulation have infused old and new organizations with public policy dimensions, especially when such groups are used as administrative middlemen (P. 96-97). Expanding welfare policies on indirect administration have encouraged the development of specialized subcultures composed of highly knowledgeable policy makers some of whom have advanced professional degrees and commonly shared detailed understanding of specialized issues (P. 100-101). Employees in the field and in Washington who perform the routine chores associated with direct administration have become less prominent whereas those with necessary technical and supervisory skills have become more important. This in essence, results to expansion of the upper and middle levels of officialdom rather than increase the overall size of the bureaucracy. More technical skills and higher supervisory levels have become a requirement. Stable sets of clear goals in all modern organizations, even non profit oriented are the causes of increasing complexities and specializations affecting leaders. The pressure for more expert staff assistance have become immense for decision makers in governments where policy goals have been neither stable nor clear in the last twenty years and this applies to legislators and public executives (P. 101). Weakness in executive leadership below the level of the president have never really been due to interest groups, party politics or congress, rather the problem lies on the lack of any democratically based power political executives yet their popular mandate to act in the bureaucracy secondhand, from either an elected chief executive in congress political democrats further weaken the scenario. As much as political administrators become close to specialized policy networks the gap between them and the ordinary citizen widens a typical presidential appointee hardly gets time to see or listen to an ordinary member of the public. Only a minority of citizens gets a chance to be moralized in the various networks while those who are not policy activists depend on the ability of the government institutions to work on their behalf (P. 118). Conclusion More communication may need to be involved incase the gap between the policy networks and the bulk of the population is created by information. Policy forensics among the networks yield more experts making more sophisticated claims and counter claims that non-specialists becomes inclined to concede everything and believe nothing that he hears. Many factors and events are linked to these changing public attitudes. The prominence of issue networks is bound to aggravate problems of legitimacy and public disenchantment. The influential systems for knowledgeable policy making tend to make democratic politics difficult (P. 118-119). References Hugo Heclo, 2007 â€Å"Issue Networks and the Executive Establishment. †