Wednesday, December 25, 2019

Child Abuse Prevention and Foster Care Essay example

Child abuse is the physical or emotional abuse of a child by a parent, guardian, or other person. Reports of child abuse, including sexual abuse, beating, and murder, have jumped in the United States and some authorities believe that the number of cases is largely under reported. Child neglect is also included in legal definitions of child abuse to cover instances of malnutrition, desertion, and inadequate care of a childs safety. When reported, inadequate foster care services and a legal system that has trouble accommodating the suggestible nature of children, who are often developmentally unable to distinguish fact from make-believe, complicate child abuse cases During the years of 1985 and 1996, there was a 50 percent increase in†¦show more content†¦The facts are that each year 160,000 children suffer severe or life-threatening injury and 1,000 to 2,000 children die as a result of abuse. Of these deaths, 80 percent involve children younger than five years of age, and 40 percent involve children younger than one year of age. One out of every 20-murder victim is a child. Murder is the fourth leading cause of death in children from one to four years of age and the third leading cause of death in children from five to fourteen years of age. Deaths from abuse are under reported and some deaths classified as the result of accident and sudden infant death syndrome might be reclassified as the result of child abuse if comprehensive investigations were more routinely done. Most child abuse takes place in the home and is started by persons are know to and trusted by the child. Even though it has been widely publicized, abuse in day-care and foster-care setting accounts for only a small number of confirmed cases of child abuse. In 1996, only two percent of all confirmed cases of child abuse occurred in these settings. Child abuses if fifteen times more likely to occur in families where spousal abuse occurs. Children are three times more likely to be abused by their fathers than by their mothers. No differences have been found in the incidence of child abuse in rural versus urban areas. Following are the types of abuse and theShow MoreRelatedThe Goal Of Foster Care1182 Words   |  5 PagesIntervention The goal of foster care is reunification, which is the overall goal of having children placed in foster care for a brief period until the legal guardian is able to gain back custody of the child. The goal of the agency is to identify the gaps when reuniting children back with family members, and stating resolutions to the problem areas. According to Wulcyzn 2004, â€Å"Although many children who are reunified exit the system within a relatively short period of time, reunification often doRead MoreWe Must Prevent Child Abuse1391 Words   |  6 Pageschildren from abuse and neglect is an ongoing struggle that needs to be more acknowledged. There are many aspects to being a parent and the parental role includes the legal authority to make choices for the child. Along with this control comes the duty to nurture and protect them. Children should have the rights to basic necessities such as a safe place to live and sustenance, as well as the opportunity to go to school. From an emotional standpoint, children should also receive care beyond theseRead MoreChild Abuse Prevention And Treatment Act Analysis1042 Words   |  5 Pagesvictims abuse in the United Sates, often times the perpetrators were kin to the victim’s household. Unfortunately, these are people they know and trust who are usually around the child. There are agencies running programs just for child abuse victims and their families. These programs operated to protect and advocate for those who don’t have a voice. Goals of the policy or program The child abuse prevention and treatment act (CAPTA) is for physical abuse, neglect, and sexual abuse victims.Read MoreChild Abuse Prevention And Treatment Act973 Words   |  4 Pages The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act was originally enacted on January 31 1974(US Government 2011). The act has been amended several time throughout history. It was recently amended on December 20 2010 (US Government 2011). The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act is also abbreviated as CAPTA. The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act provides federal funding to states for the support of prevention, assessment, investigation, prosecution, and treatment activities (US Government 2011)Read MoreContexts That Shape Social Work Practice1179 Words   |  5 Pagesdependency. The population served by the hospital includes adults and senior citizens. Some of the programs offered by the hospital include therapy for mental health disorders, treatment for sleep disorders, counseling, suicide prevention, and chemical dependency programs. The care provided by the services offered by the Mayhill Hospital is compassionate, supportive, and is designed to meet each patients unique and individual needs. In comparison, the Texas Department of Family and Protective ServicesRead MoreSocial Workers And Social Work950 Words   |  4 Pagessystem and financing of the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA). Additionally, this paper will examine the achieved outcomes that have been accomplished by the implementation of CAPTA. Children are one of the most vulnerable populations that social workers will assist in the social work profession. The child welfare system encompasses many services that are provided to children and families attempting to prevent the occurrence of child abuse and neglect. â€Å"The child welfare system is a groupRead MoreChallenges Faced By The Child Welfare System Essay1307 Words   |  6 PagesChallenges faced by the child welfare system The foster care system faces a number of challenges which directly impact the well-being of children and their families and the child welfare system. Many of the challenges faced are the results of major societal problems including the high rates of child poverty, family violence, unemployment, substance abuse and racism. These factors have contributed to expanding caseloads, difficulties in recruiting and keeping staff and foster families and the disproportionateRead MoreThe Impact Of Health Care On Child Abuse And Neglect1301 Words   |  6 PagesRunning Head: THE IMPACT OF FOSTERR CARE The Impact of Foster Care Child Abuse and Neglect Center for Child Advocacy Fall 2014 October 21, 2014 Ebony S. Williams Montclair State University The Impact of Foster Care Abstract As an intake (investigation) worker in New Jersey’s child protection agency I always think about the act of placing children in foster care. Placing a child in foster care is one of the tasks under my job description that at times seems roboticRead MoreChildren Should Be Raised Surrounded By Attention, Affection, Support, And With All Their Parents964 Words   |  4 Pagestotal opposite.  Nowadays, it is painful but real to accept that a great percentage of the child population, suffers the most common act of violence from their parents, which is called neglect. This type of abuse is the most common and the deepest, in terms of consequences that a child may suffer, creating a future adult with emotional disbalance, which is a big and sad problem for our society’s development     Child Neglect is a horrible thing that occurs in the United States everyday. Millions of childrenRead MoreThis Research Paper Look To Take A Deep Look Into The Child1690 Words   |  7 PagesThis research paper look to take a deep look into The Child and Family Services Improvement and Innovation Act sponsored by Geoff Davis. It looks to understand the reasoning behind the idea of this bill, taking a look at the staggering statistics of children within the foster care system, as well as a fundamental understanding of each component within the bill. There has been over 30,000 child increase in the foster care system within the last few years that leaves us to ask a question asked by the

Tuesday, December 17, 2019

Essay on Geography The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan

Afghanistan is a country that is mysterious to many outsiders. From the harsh landscape to the traditional social norms shared by its people, Afghanistan continues to mystify the world. The country’s unique location has influenced its history and people, and that of the nations and armies that have tried to conquer it. Like all nations, Afghanistan’s geography, infrastructure, history and people contribute to the overall culture of the country. The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan is located in southern Asia. It is a landlocked country. The nations that boarder Afghanistan are Pakistan to the East and South, Iran to the West, and Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan to the North. The country also shares a minor board with China,†¦show more content†¦As of 2004, twelve percent of the country is cultivated, with an additional ten percent used as pastureland for grazing and another five percent has the potential for agricultural activities (â€Å"Afghanistan P rofile† 5). The main crops are opium, wheat and other grains, fruits and nuts, sugar beets and oil seeds. Opium is the most profitable crop, and although officially outlawed, Afghanistan remains the world’s leading producer. The main livestock grown are sheep, goats, camels, poultry, cattle and buffalo. The type of livestock grown is dependent upon the terrain and water available. All products from the animals are used and sheep are especially useful as they provide both animal protein and fat, but also serve as a source of wool. Approximately 80 percent of the population works in some form of agriculture, yet frequently the gross output is not enough to feed the population (â€Å"Afghanistan Profile† 5 and cia.gov). Due to nearly constant internal and external conflict, Afghanistan’s infrastructure is in a constant state of disrepair and rebuilding. The country has limited network of paved roads, with the main artery Highway 1, circling the country. Nearl y two thirds of the country’s population lives within 30 miles of the road (Sieff). Recently, the government of Afghanistan has shown an inability to maintain the roads, due mostly to inexperience and lack of funds. While some of the deterioration happens because ofShow MoreRelatedHistory Of Iran1040 Words   |  5 Pagesas Persia Until 1935 Iran became an Islamic republic in 1979 after the ruling monarchy was overthrown and Shah Mohammad Reza PAHLAVI was forced into exile (World Factbook, 2014). The Islamic Republic of Iran is one of those interesting countries that most everyone thinks is solely an enormous desert, but in reality it is a whole lot more than just a desert where nobody lives. Iran is important when it comes to the definition of a culture, physical geography and military conflict history, weatherRead MoreInternational Relations During World War II1344 Words   |  6 Pages Iran Jake Ward Mr. Matteson September 19, 2014 Honors International Relationsâ€Æ' Contents Introduction 3 Early History 3 Recent History 4 Current Conditions 6 Geography 6 Domestic Policy 6 Religion 6 Terrorist Groups 7 Government 8 Political Structure 8 Significant Leaders 8 Economy 8 International Relations 8 The United States 8 (Other Nations†¦) 8 Global Issues with Precedence 8 (Issues†¦) 8 Outlook 8 â€Æ' Introduction Early History Before adopting the name Iran in 1935, the country was known asRead MoreThe Culture Of Iran Is A Major Element Of Cultural Competence1683 Words   |  7 Pagesleading Iran. Throughout the years, Iran was involved in many conflicts while still today holding its own against other countries in the world. Iran is located within the Middle East with the bordering countries of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Turkey. As early as the period of the Romans, Iran had many types of leaders, conflicts and enemies in the world. Their government structure is similar to most countries such as the United States and Britain. The only difference theyRead MoreIran Between Iran And Iran1623 Words   |  7 PagesAlaska by comparison. Throughout the years, Iran was involved in many conflicts while still today holding its own against other countries in the world. Iran is located within the Middle East with the bordering countries of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Turkey. As early as the period of the Romans, Iran had many types of leaders, conflicts and enemies in the world. Their government structure is similar to most countr ies such as the United States and Britain. The only difference isRead MoreIraq Is A Multicultural Country1220 Words   |  5 Pages Thesis: Iraq is a multicultural country that is located in the Middle East. Iraq borders Kuwait to the south, Saudi Arabia the south, Jordan the west, Syrian Arab Republic to the northwest, Turkey to the north, and the Islamic Republic of Iran to the East. For the past hundred years, Iraq has been in conflict with numerous countries. During the past few decades, The United States of America started its war with Iraq due to terrorist act against the United States and Kuwait. The Gulf War startedRead MoreAfghanistan s Geography : Afghanistan1527 Words   |  7 PagesAfghanistan’s Geography: Afghanistan is a country that is rich in history and war. Going back to early human civilization, many empires resided in this country. This country’s history is so vast some experts say that the relics and artifacts are just a grand as the artifacts from Egypt. â€Å"Lying along important trade routes connecting southern and eastern Asia to Europe and the Middle East, Afghanistan has long been a prize sought by empire builders, and for millennia great armies have attempted toRead MoreThe Islamic Republic Of Iran1617 Words   |  7 PagesAmong the nations of the Middle East, The Islamic Republic of Iran stands as an oddity. It is a nation with a unique history, culture, and national identity. Formally known as Persia, Iran is the only non-Arab nation in the Middle East and the only Shi’ite theocracy in the world. The world’s first empire sprang out of Iran and spread from Egypt and Greece in the west to modern cultural identity day India in the East. Iranâ €™s diverse history has manifested into a unique that has put Iran’s politicalRead MoreIr The World Of Iran1061 Words   |  5 PagesCOUNTRY BRIEF IRAN SSG MOHAMMEDALI ALC CLASS 14-004 Outline: - History - Geography - Society - Economy - Government - National Security Iran is one of the most ancient civilizations in the world. The land of Iran began in 8000BC with the Zagros Mountains and developed into a kingdom and regions, and moved to Dynasties. The classic period of Iran began with the Persian tribes under the Assyrian Empire. In 334BC, Alexander the Great ruled Iran afterRead MoreCultural Awareness And Characteristics Within The Afghanistan Culture1732 Words   |  7 PagesCultural Awareness and characteristics within the Afghanistan culture. There are five major characteristics that define a culture; they are learned, shared, symbols, integrated, and dynamic. Culture is learned. It is not biological; we do not inherit it. Much of learning culture is unconscious. We learn culture from families, peers, institutions, and media. The process of learning culture is known as enculturation. While all humans have basic biological needs such as food, sleep, and sex, the wayRead MoreCharacteristics Of Culture Of Pakistan1212 Words   |  5 Pagesor history†. The culture of Pakistan is as unique as it is ancient. Located in the continent of Asia and bordered by Iran to the west, Afghanistan to the northwest, China to the north, India to the east and south, and the Arabian Sea to the south Pakistan covers 881,889 square kilometers (Burki Ziring, 2016). The World Factbook divides the geography of Pakistan into three areas: the northern highlands, the Indus River plain in the center and east, and the Balochisten Plateau in the south

Monday, December 9, 2019

The Five Stages of Team Development free essay sample

1. Background theory The theory of Tuckman (1965) ‘five stages of team development’ is based on the process of a group coming together, getting to know each other, developing a group dynamic and after all working together as a whole team where everyone benefits from each other. The five stages start with  ´forming ´, this stage means the very first moment the team meets each other, so at this moment they have not met each other and they have no expectations of each other but rather they are there to learn about each other, like Gina Abudi (2010) says in her case study they are  ´feeling each other out ´. Moreover in the second stage  ´storming ´, the team already knows each other however they still need to compete for their status. They have already began to work together but they are still finding each other ´s place in the group. At this moment the role of the team leader is essential as he/she needs to control the situation and make sure that everyone feels accepted, equal a nd understood. We will write a custom essay sample on The Five Stages of Team Development or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the third stage  ´norming ´, the team starts to work as a group already. They are not competing with each other but now the goal is clearer for them and every person in the team wants to reach it as effectively as possible, therefore the team is co-operating a lot and looking for cohesion. Furthermore in the fourth stage  ´performing ´, the group is functioning perfectly and no disruptions are happening. There is a golden path everyone follows and all the work and co-operation is done smoothly with trust and respect. At this moment, if there is a problem/conflict there is no need for the team leader to get involved, the group will solve it by themselves. Lastly, the fifth stage  ´adjourning ´, is the last stage when everyone is evaluating themselves and each other. They start to feel the belonging however they know that everyone will go their own ways. At this moment every team member would decide for themselves who they would want to work with in the future. At the last stage a goodbye party is often held by the team leader where everyone can eva luate the project together and have fun. Scenario I have chosen to use the case study for my scenario analysis. I have assumed that Mohammed has continued on non-communication at the 3rd  ´norming ´ stage.  This has created a lot of frustration among the whole team and the team leader, Sandra, has decided to quit her job as she could not handle the situation anymore. So now the team is with Peter, Sarah, Mohammed, Donna and Ameya. They all know each other ´s skills but are not progressing as Mohammed is not co-operating, which means that they have fallen back to the storming stage where they are competing with each other on who would be the next team leader. Peter, with the most experience stands up and starts to control the team. However the rest of the group think that Mohammed should still communicate more and even Peter is not able to get a hold of him. They are still stuck on the same stage. Moreover by voting they have decided to get a new team leader in order to proceed in this project effectively, even though it means that they would start from the beginning  ´forming ´ stage as there would be a new person coming in, they still think that it is worthwhile risking, as there is a big need for a strong team leader. After all they have fallen back one step again, dropping from the norming stage they are back to the forming stage with a new leader. However at this point, as fast as they have got to known their team leader and she has got to known them and the issues in the team have been announced to her, they can jump back to the norming stage as no competing is required anymore. From this point on, the new team leader has everything under control and she is paying extra attention to Mohammed ´s interaction with the rest of the group. Slowly they start to develop a good team which can rely on each other and even Mohammed has got his feet on the ground. The performing stage is rather a big improvement from what they were and in the adjourning phase they have a lot to evaluate as a group. After all they all seemed to have good time, and the new team leader brought in a lot of confidence. Especially for Mohammed the adjourning phase, when he looks back to his actions is a lesson learnt. Even though he has a lot of experience he just reminds himself that he always needs someone else to mind about him in order for him to interact with others. He trusts himself too much with 8 years of experience.

Monday, December 2, 2019

 Verisimilitude of the Narration in The Things They Carried Essay Example

  Verisimilitude of the Narration in The Things They Carried Paper Tim OBrien artistic intention of telling a true war story is to downsize the role of the actual truth and emphasize the importance of the story truth, which gives the true gut feelings. The narrator explains that what is made up is often truer than what actually happened, because it puts a face on faceless events and people. Tim OBrien also adds striking details to the soldiers perception of war so that even though, according to Tim OBrien war is terrifying and grotesque, still some happiness can be found even in simple things. To show how the soldiers coped with the atrocities of war, Tim OBrien showed us the striking details of their imagination which makes even normal situation such as soldiers marching seem pleasurable and real and that is how he manipulates the truth and the level of detail to execute his artistic intention. Also he manipulates truth and the level of detail in such a way as to put the readers imagination at work by not mentioning the whole truth, which was the c ase at the end of Chapter 2, where the readers had to decide what Tim OBrien meant by, No I wont[pg 30]. A quote such as, this is true[pg 67],which starts the chapter, How to Tell a True War Story shows how cleverly Tim OBrien shows the relative meaning of truth, he says that it is true, but then later on in the chapter he goes on to say in a true war story nothing is absolutely true. He obscures the meaning of truth so that the readers do not worry, whether it happened or not, Absolute occurrence is irrelevant [pg83], instead they should feel the essence of the truth. The essence of the truth according to OBrien is that there are no morals in a war story and that a true war story has absolute allegiance to obscenity, evil and death. At the same time war fascinates Tim OBrien. The following contradictory statements clearly prove that Tim OBrien thinks that war is something you cannot generalize and each war story is unique and gives you a true gut feeling that cannot be explained, War is nasty; War is funwar is grotesquebut in truth war is also beauty[pg 80]. The previous quotes mirror the Greek term catharsis. Catharsis, in the simplest of words means happiness from tragedy, and this concept is essential for Tim OBrien to show the soldiers inability to cope with war and how they need to make up stories or fantasies which keeps there mind off the war. We will write a custom essay sample on   Verisimilitude of the Narration in The Things They Carried specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on   Verisimilitude of the Narration in The Things They Carried specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on   Verisimilitude of the Narration in The Things They Carried specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This is the one of the reasons why Tim OBrien obscures the idea of truth and gives the importance to story truth.Tim OBrien does not want to make it seem like a story of courage and bravery and that is why he focuses on the atrocities of war and how the soldiers cope with them in their own ways. The striking details in quotes such as tracer rounds unwinding through the dark like brilliant red ribbons [pg 80], you crouch in ambush as a cool impassive moon rises over the nighttime paddies [pg80] and you admire the fluid symmetries of troop son the move [pg80] show how Tim OBrien chooses to see the happiness and the bright side of things even though the setting is in a war and he states himself that war is hell [pg80]. The artistic intent here is to make the soldiers fantasize and only focus only on the tiny distractions [such as the cool impassive moon, brilliant red ribbons and fluid symmetries of troops] but at the same time he does not want to make it seem like a story or a dream an d that is why he uses striking details here to successfully achieve verisimilitude. In Chapter 2, Love, Tim OBrien leaves things up to the readers imagination by not telling the whole truth when jimmy cross says Dont mention anything about - and Tim OBrien answers no, I wont [page 30]. Here the readers cannot be certain about what Tim OBrien is referring to as he does not provide enough detail. The distinction between truth and fiction does not mean much to OBrien; feelings behind the story give the narrative its purpose. Therefore, whether or not OBrien betrayed Cross is irrelevant when compared to the impact of Crosss feelings of guilt how even 20 years after he carries the guilt of loving Martha more than his own men, which caused the death of ted lavender. It is Tim OBriens artistic intention to not tell all the truth. Therefore at the end of this chapter, the reader is left thinking what Tim OBrien is referring to when he says No I wont[pg30], Is he referring to Jimmy Cross guilt of having abandoned his men, or to the fact that Martha might have been a victim of rape or to the fact that Martha might be homosexual. It does not matter what he referring to or whether he betrayed jimmy cross or not. Tim OBrien had succeeded in this artistic intention, the moment he got the readers thinking about the feasible ending to chapter 2. Thus Tim OBriens artistic intention was to provide very little fact or striking details so that the readers are left thinking about the possible endings to the chapter and the fate of Jimmy Cross. Tim OBrien has achieved his goal [of having the readers use their imagination] exceedingly well and all the readers are left thinking about the fate of Jimmy Cross and this love for Martha and his men. In the chapter Good Form, the narrator explains that what is made up is often truer than what actually happened, because it puts a face on faceless events and people. It gives specificity to general events. Tim saw many people die, though he was afraid to ever really look at any of them. Centering all his guilt and grief on one man, the dead Vietnamese man in the chapter, The Man I killed, allows Tim to explain his feelings in a way that would not be possible without these made up details. Examples of the details are, He was a slim, dead, almost dainty man of about twenty and His jaw was in his throat. His one eye was shut, the other eye was a star-shaped hole [pg 180]. Tim OBriens artistic intention here is very clear, he wants to show that the actual truth of a story comes from the feeling it gives, and Tim OBrien wants to show that the story of Tim OBrien having killed the man is truer than the happening truth or the actual events, which is that Tim OBrien did not kill that man. T im OBrien wants to show that the sometimes the story truth is truer than the happening truth and to do this he adds realistic details to the story of him having killed the man in My Khe. Therefore Tim OBrien fulfills his artistic intention and does achieve verisimilitude. In conclusion Tim OBrien has manipulated truth, the meaning of truth and the decree of truth told very well in order to show how soldiers are unable to cope with war and need to fantasize or get distracted from the war. Tim OBrien also shows, successfully why sometimes, the story truth would have a greater impact on a reader rather than the happening truth as it gives a firsthand experience of the war and evokes the gut feeling. Also Tim OBrien varies and maintains a low level of detail so that the readers are constantly guessing and he brings into play the readers imagination and causes the reader to think about the fate of Jimmy Cross and Martha.

Tuesday, November 26, 2019

Free Essays on Pius XII And The Third Reich

â€Å"From the very fist month of the occupation [in Poland], hundreds of priests were arrested and executed; Catholic intellectuals, both clerics and laics, were sent to the concentration camp at Oranienburg (Belt 71).† â€Å"Of five hundred priests in the diocese [Chelmno-Pelplin in Pomeranic, Poland], only twenty were still alive (Belt 72).† â€Å"A report sent to Rome concluded that out of two thousand priests a third were dead and that seven hundred were in prison (Belt 78).† â€Å"The Nazis in Poland alone murdered more than three million Catholics together with over three million Jews (Chao 7).† The Jewish community was not the only people under persecution by the Third Reich during the Second World War. â€Å""The heaviest blow to humanity" he [Hitler] once said, "was the coming of Christianity. Bolshevism is Christianity’s illegitimate child. Both are inventions of Jews (Chao 7)."† Hitler wanted to extirpate the Catholic Church because he thought that Catholics and Jews were the source of every evil. Hitler wanted to create a national German Church that would be loyal to the Fà ¼hrer; the leader, Hitler himself. If this church had been created, then Hitler would have not had as much resistance and the ‘Final Solution’ might have been a greater possibility. In September 1943, just after a few days into the German occupation of Italy, Hitler wanted to have Friedrich Otto Wolff, supreme commander of the SS in Italy, to occupy the Vatican and take Pope Pius XII and the Curia to Liechtenstein (Cornwell 313-314). Hitler wanted to take Pius XII under his control. What was he thinking? Yes, it is true that the Christian and Jewish religions had been in conflict with each other numerous times in the past. From the being of Christianity, the Jewish Community has been under attack and always being persecuted. In the first few centuries, the Jewish people were used as the scapegoat for the Roman Empire and some people e... Free Essays on Pius XII And The Third Reich Free Essays on Pius XII And The Third Reich â€Å"From the very fist month of the occupation [in Poland], hundreds of priests were arrested and executed; Catholic intellectuals, both clerics and laics, were sent to the concentration camp at Oranienburg (Belt 71).† â€Å"Of five hundred priests in the diocese [Chelmno-Pelplin in Pomeranic, Poland], only twenty were still alive (Belt 72).† â€Å"A report sent to Rome concluded that out of two thousand priests a third were dead and that seven hundred were in prison (Belt 78).† â€Å"The Nazis in Poland alone murdered more than three million Catholics together with over three million Jews (Chao 7).† The Jewish community was not the only people under persecution by the Third Reich during the Second World War. â€Å""The heaviest blow to humanity" he [Hitler] once said, "was the coming of Christianity. Bolshevism is Christianity’s illegitimate child. Both are inventions of Jews (Chao 7)."† Hitler wanted to extirpate the Catholic Church because he thought that Catholics and Jews were the source of every evil. Hitler wanted to create a national German Church that would be loyal to the Fà ¼hrer; the leader, Hitler himself. If this church had been created, then Hitler would have not had as much resistance and the ‘Final Solution’ might have been a greater possibility. In September 1943, just after a few days into the German occupation of Italy, Hitler wanted to have Friedrich Otto Wolff, supreme commander of the SS in Italy, to occupy the Vatican and take Pope Pius XII and the Curia to Liechtenstein (Cornwell 313-314). Hitler wanted to take Pius XII under his control. What was he thinking? Yes, it is true that the Christian and Jewish religions had been in conflict with each other numerous times in the past. From the being of Christianity, the Jewish Community has been under attack and always being persecuted. In the first few centuries, the Jewish people were used as the scapegoat for the Roman Empire and some people e...

Saturday, November 23, 2019

Prehistoric Life During the Neogene Period

Prehistoric Life During the Neogene Period During the course of the Neogene period, life on earth adapted to new ecological niches opened up by global coolingand some mammals, birds, and reptiles evolved to truly impressive sizes in the process. The Neogene is the second period of the Cenozoic Era (65 million years ago to the present), preceded by the Paleogene period (65-23 million years ago) and succeeded by the Quaternary period-and is itself comprised of the Miocene (23-5 million years ago) and Pliocene (5-2.6 million years ago) epochs. Climate and Geography Like the preceding Paleogene, the Neogene period witnessed a trend toward global cooling, especially at higher latitudes (it was immediately after the end of the Neogene, during the Pleistocene epoch, that the earth underwent a series of ice ages interspersed with warmer interglacials). Geographically, the Neogene was important for the land bridges that opened up between various continents: it was during the late Neogene that North and South America became connected by the Central American Isthmus, Africa was in direct contact with southern Europe via the dry Mediterranean Sea basin, and eastern Eurasia and western North America were joined by the Siberian land bridge. Elsewhere, the slow impact of the Indian subcontinent with the underbelly of Asia produced the Himalayan mountains. Terrestrial Life During the Neogene Period Mammals. Global climate trends, combined with the spread of newly evolved grasses, made the Neogene period the golden age of open prairies and savannahs. These extensive grasslands spurred the evolution of even- and odd-toed ungulates, including prehistoric horses and camels (which originated in North America), as well as deer, pigs, and rhinoceroses. During the later Neogene, the interconnections between Eurasia, Africa, and North and South America set the stage for a confusing network of species interchanges, resulting (for example) in the near extinction of South Americas Australia-like marsupial megafauna. From a human perspective, the most important development of the Neogene period was the continuing evolution of apes and hominids. During the Miocene epoch, a huge number of hominid species inhabited Africa and Eurasia; during the ensuing Pliocene, most of these hominids (among them the direct ancestors of modern humans) were clustered in Africa. It was immediately after the Neogene period, during the Pleistocene epoch, that the first human beings (genus Homo) appeared on the planet. Birds. While birds never quite matched the size of their distant mammalian cousins, some of the flying and flightless species of the Neogene period were truly enormous (for example, the airborne Argentavis and Osteodontornis both exceeded 50 pounds.) The end of the Neogene marked the extinction of most of the flightless, predatory terror birds of South America and Australia, the last dregs being wiped out in the ensuing Pleistocene. Otherwise, bird evolution continued apace, with most modern orders well- represented by the close of the Neogene. Reptiles. A large chunk of the Neogene period was dominated by gigantic crocodiles, which still never quite managed to match the size of their Cretaceous forebears. This 20-million-year span also witnessed the continuing evolution of prehistoric snakes and (especially) prehistoric turtles, the latter group of which began to reach truly impressive proportions by the start of the Pleistocene epoch. Marine Life Although prehistoric whales had started to evolve in the preceding Paleogene period, they didnt become exclusively marine creatures until the Neogene, which also witnessed the continuing evolution of the first pinnipeds (the mammalian family that includes seals and walruses) as well as prehistoric dolphins, to which whales are closely related. Prehistoric sharks maintained their status at the top of the marine food chain; Megalodon, for example, had already appeared at the end of the Paleogene and continued its dominance throughout the Neogene as well. Plant Life There were two major trends in plant life during the Neogene period. First, plunging global temperatures spurred the rise of massive deciduous forests, which replaced jungles and rainforests in high northern and southern latitudes. Second, the worldwide spread of grasses went hand-in-hand with the evolution of mammalian herbivores, culminating in todays familiar horses, cows, sheep, deer, and other grazing and ruminant animals.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Whitney Houston Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Whitney Houston - Essay Example Conclusion stays the summary of this topic and critical resume of the presented information. The method used is particularized examination of the literature sources together with the personal inferences to the topic. Whitney Houston was remained to be one of the most successful singers in the world concerning the musicians with the black skin and regarded as artist with the biggest amount of awards of different kinds. It was absolutely clear that Whitney attained a huge fame and world recognition. This was a magnificent woman with a strong voice and charming beauty. Despite of the facts about her problems with drugs and alcohol she was considered to be an icon for million people all over the world. This woman was born in August 9, 1963in Newark, New Jersey (The Biography, 2014). This had been a nice naà ¯ve girl with the big dream, and as her mother said â€Å"I saw the little girl who used to grab a broom and belt out songs in our basement studio like she was onstage at Carnegie Hall† (Houston, 2013). This girl was born in the family of famous people in that period, as her mother was a singer as much as her cousin and sister (The Wall Street Journal, 2014). Therefore it was important to admit that love to music and involving in the process of its creation was given to her since the early ages. This girl sang in the church since the childhood; still, Whitney had her first serous performance when she was a teenager on the scene in New York (The Wall Street Journal, 2014). Moreover, she sang with her mother and at the age of fifteen she started her career as a model. The matter is that one photographer discovered her natural beauty and charm, since that period Whitney had become a successful teenage model and even appeared in Seventeen magazine (The Biography, 2014). Concerning those facts it was worse to admit that her first steps in show-business were rather appreciative. Her career as a singer started to develop in 1983 when was Whitney’s debut on

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Problems of toxicology on the human organism Assignment

Problems of toxicology on the human organism - Assignment Example Basic functions of the liver being the largest organ in the digestive system, its functions include:†¢ It helps indigestion. Liver cells contain bile which produces bile juice that helps in digesting fats before they are absorbed in the small intestines. Bile also helps in the excretion of toxins from the liver detoxification processes.†¢ The liver helps in metabolic and synthetic functions. The liver regulates blood sugar level in the body.  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Liver deactivates hormones†¢ It helps in the synthesis and release of lipids, decomposition of fatty acids and the synthesis and transport of cholesterol.†¢ The liver helps in synthesizing blood clotting factors.†¢ The liver also helps in removal of toxins in the body.Characteristic of organochlorine pesticides. Organochloride pesticides are denser than water due to the higher weight of chlorine and they are good alkylating agents. They are also less biodegradable.Some pesticides cause inactivation of acety lcholinesterase.  Symptoms include fatigue, headache, dizziness, not seeing well, vomiting, chest discomfort and excessive sweating.The reason is that pesticides are chemicals that inhibit the work of an enzyme.The neurotransmitter is a chemical that transmits signals across a synapse from one neuron to another neuron. Examples include amino acids and peptides.  It is the circulation of substances, such as bile salts, which are absorbed from the intestines and carried to the liver for secretion into the liver then back to the intestines again.

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Holy Shrines in Khairpur Essay Example for Free

Holy Shrines in Khairpur Essay Holy Shrines in Khairpur Posted on January 11, 2012 [pic] Khairpur is the twelfth largest city in the province of Sindh in southeast Pakistan. It was founded in 1783 by Mir Sohrab Khan, who established the Khairpur branch of the Talpur clan. Khairpur Sindh is known as the Gateway of Islam, Baab ul Islam,   Muhammad Bin Qasim’s conquest of Sindh laid the Foundation of Islam in the sub continent as Sindhs name suggests the Gateway of Islam, many religious saints and Sufi’s were from Sindh and are laid there, Devotees from all over Pakistan and the Subcontinent visit these Shrines each year, following are some other famous shrines in other parts of Sindh, houses the Shrine of   Sachal Sarmast (1739–1829) who was a Sufi poet from Sindh during the Kalhora era. He was born in daraza near Ranipur, Sindh. His real name was Abdul Wahab and â€Å"Sachal† was his nickname. [pic]Khairpur has very important Historical significance; there are many historical places like Faiz Mahal, Bali House, Lal Bungalow, Shesh Mahal at Kot Diji. Besides these historical places, there are some of the world famous archaeological sites in the district of Khairpur. One such site is the site of Kot Diji and opposite to it is the giant citadel at the top of the hill beside National Highway. Khairpur district is divided into eight Tehsils. †¢ Khairpur †¢ Nara †¢ Kot Diji †¢ Sobho Dero †¢ Kingri †¢ Faiz Ganj †¢ Gambat †¢ Mirwah [pic]Khairpur is famous for harvesting Dates as well, these Dates are distributed throughout Pakistan, Khairpur has a hot weather, fruits harvested here are usually juicy, sweet and supple because of khairpur’s hot weather and no humidity, the hot weather of Khairpur is suitable for the harvesting of cash crops like wheat and cotton, Khairour is irrigated through river Indus. Shrine of Sachal Sarmast: [pic] The Famous Sufi poet from the Kalhora era Sachal Sarmast was born in Daraza, Sindh near Ranipur, Sachal Sarmast meant truthful and mystic in Sindhi, His real name was Abdul Wahab, He is regarded as poet of seven languages (shair-e-haft zaban),  Sachal Sarmast was famous for his poetical works in Arabic, Sindhi, Saraiki, Punjabi, Urdu, Persian and Balochi to address the wider audience in these languages. He spread the message of love for humanity through poetry. Sachal Sarmasts poems are sung by local singers in Sindhi and Urdu, His Shrine is in Daraza near Ranipur that is visited by thousands of Devotees from the whole Pakistan and different parts of the Sub-continent as well.

Thursday, November 14, 2019

Predictors Of Husband To Wife Violence :: essays research papers

Article: Feldbau-Khon, S., Heyman, R., and O’Leary, K. (1998). Major depressive disorder and depressive symptomatology as predictors of husband to wife physical abuse. Violence and Victims, 13, 347-359. Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The work of Feldbau-Khon, S., Heyman, R., and O’Leary, K. is described in the article, â€Å"Major Depressive Disorder and Depressive Symptomatology as Predictors of Husband to Wife Physical Aggression.† The authors tested the link between a husband’s depressive symptomatology and the frequency of physical aggression toward his wife. Also tested was the husband’s Major Depressive Disorder and the frequency of physical aggression towards his wife. The authors had four hypotheses. 1: Clinically depressed men are more physically aggressive. 2: Depressive symptomatology is associated with frequency of physical aggression. 3: Depressive symptomatology effects on physical aggression are accounted for by other variables. 4: Depressive symptomatology effects on psychological aggression are accounted for by other variables.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The study assessed physically aggressive men who volunteered for treatment with their wives. Participants responded to newspaper announcements offering free therapy for relationship conflicts. All spouses completed three-hour assessments consisting of structured interviews and self-report measures. Almost one third had moderate levels of depressive symptomatology, but only 11% met the criteria for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). Although a significant relationship between increased depressive symptomatology and frequency of physical aggression was found, the relationship was most likely accounted for by self- reported anger. Weaknesses   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One weakness with this study is the makeup of the sample. The racial composition of the sample was 1.3% Black, 1.3% Asian, and 97% White. No Hispanics were included in the study although Hispanic men are also sometimes very violent to their wives. The sample should have had more diversity, not be made up almost entirely of Whites. Some races are more naturally violent than others are because its part of their culture. Using mostly whites in this study taints it because different depression could be a major factor affecting the physical violence of whites but perhaps not men of other races.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another weakness of this study is that it is never mentioned whether or not any of the subjects were taking any sort of medication. Many types of medications, for example any type Serotonin inhibitor, can affect violent behavior.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The fact that the subjects were volunteers raises an issue. The participants responded to an advertisement for free therapy for relationship conflicts. These people wanted help. They were not ordered by the court to obtain therapy.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

The Effects of Watching Tagalized English Movies in the Philippines

Introduction: . Tagalization is the process of converting foreign language into Filipino language or it is the translating of text into Filipino. Under the 1987 Constitution XIV Section 6, the Filipino national language was settled and the Education department adopted a bilingual program to promote the use of Tagalog, the other official language. The government was swayed by studies indicating that children tended to learn better in their native languages The trend for Tagalization or as some would call it Filipinization has increased in the recent years.Among those in the media which have changed languages through the years are the movies. And because of this, the level of English proficiency decreased. Incapability to speak English fluently and efficiently is one of the realities faced by many young Filipinos today. There are many reasons to explain the decline in English proficiency but the proliferation of television shows such as tagalizing English movies is one of the attributo rs. With this, how could we expect the young generation to speak and write English fluently? Absract:This research entitled â€Å"The Effects of Tagalizing English on the English Proficiency of the First Year College Students of Pasig Catholic College† was conducted to know the effects of tagalizing English movies of the first year college students of Pasig Catholic College. It aims to answer the following questions 1. What is the profile of the first year college students of Pasig Catholic College in terms of: 1. 1 Gender 1. 2 Program1. 3 Age 2. What is the academic level of performance of those students who watch tagalized English movies? 3. What are the effects of watching tagalized English movies?The researcher chose the first year college students of Pasig Catholic College to be her respondents. In this regard, the researcher used descriptive method to determine the different effects of tagalizing English movies of the abovementioned first year college students. The rese archer used the survey questionnaires in gathering data as the main instrument. The questionnaire is divided into three parts. Part I was about the profile of the respondents, part II was the grade in English of the first year college students for the first semester, and part III dealt with the different factors regarding tagalized movies.In the light of the study, the researcher came up with the following findings: Area of Focus This study aims to determine the effects of tagalizing English movies of the first year college students of Pasig Catholic College. The English Teacher: This study may prove significant to the English teachers to become aware of the student’s needs and responses. He/she, as a facilitator of learning should encourage the students in engaging oral and written activities to enhance their English proficiency.The Students: This study will serve as an encouragement to the students to watch English movies more instead of tagalized English movies to develop fundamental communication skills that prepare students to engage in fluent and responsible communication. The Parents: Through this reseach, the parents will come up with ways to assist and expose their children to different English resources to develop the student’s skills in English proficiency. Related Literature: According to Shianee Mamanglu of Manila Bulletin (2010) agreed that the Filipino skill in English have diminished over the years thus the need to enhance it.She also said that only five to ten are accepted out of every 100 call center applicants because of poor English skills particularly on communication. Lingualearn, (2002 ) said that one can learn grammar of a language in different ways and one of these is by watching television. All have an inborn mechanism for decoding and making sense of foreign languages. By immersion in the foreign language and culture, one should be able to pick up any language. The New Strait Times and the Star Newspaper (2005) said tha t it is important that students should watch more television, especially educational English programs.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Odeon Cinema Pestle Analysis

The benefit of a PESTLE analysis is that it allows you to complete a basic audit on an organisations position in relation to the macro environment It can then go to influence a number of business decisions within the organisation . I would also use this tool to complete the strength and weaknesses of a SWOT analysis which I believe sits well alongside this tool. I believe the PESTLE framework is a good way to highlight the potential threats to a business yet my concern is that the data collated could be only one side of a coin.For PESTLE analysis to be balanced it may need a ‘group’ to complete independent reports and then share them together to get a more accurate assessment. I also read up a phrase which I really liked which suggests that the collecting of too much information may make it difficult to see the wood from the trees â€Å"PARALYSIS by ANALYSIS† PESTLE ANALYSIS ODEON & UIC CINEMA Odeon & UIC Cinema operate in UK and major European countries 236 cinem a and 2179 screens as of December 2012 The PESTLE Analysis below is mainly for the UK arm of the business Political Government review of Film Policy was release Jan 2012 is positive news for the film industry, * Plans to bring film education to all schools and raise interest in the cinema world Economic * Interests rates remain low which should allow for investment in development of new projects * Revenue growth held back due to lower advertising revenues Social cultural * A trip to the cinema is still an affordable form of entertainment. * It caters for all ages and offers varied genre Average age range of highest % of cinema goers is the 24-34 year age * Many of the new developments in the Odeon experience surround the introduction of better food and drink offering collaborating with Costa Coffee, Croma gourmet pizza bar †¦ Technological * Innovation in film quality and special effects is keeping the cinema experience current * Social media utilised for marketing is a growth area * 3-D screens and digital rolled out and completed in uk * 16 I-MAX theatres introduced to UK territory Online purchasing of tickets reducing queue times and booking queries Legal * Government giving strong commitment to deal with piracy and illegal exploitation of intellectual property, * UK Film Tax Relief remains unchanged Ethical and ecological * In the UK Odeon Cinema have backed to key government initiatives , Responsible Drinking and the Health Responsibility pledge * Policies in place to reduce energy, water and waste materials are in place throughout all the territories.

Thursday, November 7, 2019

What Role Do Job Descriptions Play in Training at Apex Essays

What Role Do Job Descriptions Play in Training at Apex Essays What Role Do Job Descriptions Play in Training at Apex Paper What Role Do Job Descriptions Play in Training at Apex Paper Question # 1 What role do job descriptions play in training at Apex? Answer: Job descriptions set the boundaries of jobs in terms of required knowledge and skills. It is a description of the task in adjusting the limits of work in terms with the necessary knowledge and skills. By understanding the job description, a trainer can define the learning requirements or the material requirements for new or transitioning employees. The central problem is that Jim Delaney, president of the Apex Door Company, cannot get his employees to do specific tasks without messing up. The causes of the central problem are that when employees dont understand something. These problems come in front us us clearly when it says about employers that â€Å"decide to do it their own way†. Here we clearly explore the lacking of Appex Door Company not to having a through guide line or job description about the job they are doing. Apex Door Company surely has a job description but it is surely out of date or not updated regularly. If so then the employees should remain ware of minimize the use of steel in mega constructions size as it will not only minimize the amount of steel but also increase the net profit for Apex Door Company The role of job description of Apex Door Company should be clear, univocal and regularly cheeked to meet the latest market demand in quickest time with minimum expense. Alternative solutions are that each job has a training manual, and that new up to date job descriptions be written. Question # 3 Explain in detail what you would do to improve the training process at Apex. Make sure to provide specific suggestions. Answer: After reviewing the case it’s for sure that Appex Door Company must rebuild their training process to overcome their problems. A formal (written) and updated Job description: The employees of Appex Door Company â€Å"decide to do it their own way† which is a major drawback for this company. As by this view an employee will never taught what he should do and how the gain of company will maximize. A written guideline will not only assist to do so but make bound to do what is Appex Door Company ordered him to do so. A drawback of job description is that it is effective for a limited time period. To overcome this Appex management should regularly update their Job description Developing Appropriate Training: Job description will not be sufficient to build up the employee unless the train up to do so. The traing should not be given carelessly which was done in previous by providing ex employers. If it’s not possible by themselves then they should bring out expert from outside to ensure the most appropriate and effective training for Appex employers and this Training procedures would be documented for each position of the company Supervise the training process: For Appex Door Company the training process will assist with three aspects. The boss (owners of Appex Door Company) Training Department (trainer) Prospective trainees (employees) The owners of Appex Door Company will supervise the entire task through trainer. And after training they should measure either the training was effective or not and then take further actions.

Tuesday, November 5, 2019

Types of Suffixes in English Grammar

Types of Suffixes in English Grammar In English grammar, a suffix is a letter or group of letters added to the end of a word or root (i.e., a base form), serving to form a new word or functioning as an inflectional ending. The word suffix comes from the Latin, to fasten underneath.  The adjective form is suffixal. There are two primary types of suffixes in English: Derivational suffix (such as the addition of -ly to an adjective to form an adverb) indicates what type of word it is.Inflectional suffix (such as the addition of -s to a noun to form a plural) tells something about the words grammatical behavior. Discover what famous writers, linguists, and other notable people have had to say about suffixes throughout history. Examples and Observations of Suffixes in English It is often possible to tell the era of a products development by its termination. Thus products dating from the 1920s and early 1930s often end in -ex (Pyrex, Cutex, Kleenex, Windex), while those ending in -master (Mixmaster, Toastmaster) generally betray a late-1930s or early-1940s genesis. (Bill Bryson, Made in America. Harper, 1994) Suffixes display all kinds of relationships between form, meaning, and function. Some are rare and have only vague meanings, as with the -een in velveteen. Some have just enough uses to suggest a meaning, as with -iff in bailiff, plaintiff, suggesting someone involved with law. (Tom McArthur, The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford University Press, 1992) In English, only three colours become verbs by adding -en: blacken, redden, whiten. (Margaret Visser, The Way We Are. HarperCollins, 1994) The number of suffixes in Modern English is so great, and the forms of several, especially in words derived through the French from Latin, are so variable that an attempt to exhibit them all would tend to confusion. (Walter W Skeat, Etymological Dictionary of the English Language, 1882) Gazebo: The name is an 18th-century joke word combining gaze with the Latin suffix ebo, meaning I shall. (Encyclopedia Britannica Online) On Suffixes and Word Formation Primary school children would be better at  spelling if they were taught about morphemes- the units of meaning that form words- researchers claim today...For instance, the word magician consists of two morphemes: the stem magic and the suffix ian....Children find the word difficult to spell because the third syllable sounds like shun. But if they knew it was made up of the two morphemes, they could make more sense of the way it is spelled, researchers suggest. (Anthea Lipsett, Spelling: Break Words Up Into Units of Meaning. The Guardian, Nov. 25, 2008) On the -ers Suffix Call it a vast linguistic conspiracy: proponents of the major conspiracy theo ­ries of the day- the truthers, the birthers, the deathers- share a suffix that makes them all sound like whackdoodles. It looks like conspiracy theorists might acquire a permanent suffix in -er, just like political scandals now have a permanent suffix in -gate, Victor Steinbok, a frequent contributor to the American Dialect Society’s online discussion board, observed recently in that forum...Today’s -er groups are not -ists; their beliefs are not -isms or -ologies, theories of social organization like communism or fields of study like sociology. Nor are they -ites, devout followers of a domineering visionary figure, like Trotskyites, Benthamites or Thatcherites. The -ers, the caricature asserts, are not sophisticated enough for that. That is perhaps why -er words, long before truther, have been used to deride political opponents, as in tree hugger, bra burner and evildoer- not to mention th e catch-alls for extremists, wingers and nutters (from wing nut). (Leslie Savan, From Simple Noun to Handy Partisan Put-Down. The New York Times Magazine, Nov. 18, 2009) [E]ven though writers write, bakers bake, hunters hunt, preachers preach, and teachers teach, grocers dont groce, butchers dont butch, carpenters dont carpent, milliners dont millin, haberdashers dont haberdash- and ushers dont ush. (Richard Lederer, Word Wizard: Super Bloopers, Rich Reflections, and Other Acts of Word Magic. St. Martins Press, 2006) On American -or and British -our [T]he o(u)r suffix has quite a confused history. The  Online Etymology Dictionary reports that our  comes from old French while –or  is Latin. English has used both endings for several centuries. Indeed, the first three folios of Shakespeare’s plays reportedly used both spellings equally...But by the late 18th  and early 19th  centuries, both the US and the UK started to solidify their preferences, and did so differently...The US took a particularly strong stand thanks to Noah Webster, American lexicographer and co-namesake of the Merriam-Webster dictionaries...He preferred to use the –or  suffix and also suggested many other successful changes, such as reversing -re to create theater and center, rather than theatre and centre...Meanwhile in the UK, Samuel Johnson wrote  A Dictionary of the English Language  in 1755. Johnson was far more of a spelling purist than Webster, and decided that in cases where the origin of the word was unclear, it was m ore likely to have a French than Latin root...And so he preferred –our  to –or. (Olivia Goldhill, The Case of the Missing us in American English. Quartz, January 17, 2016) On the Problem With -ish Although there is no exact count, Merriam-Webster says there could be as many as one million-plus words in the English language...And yet, with all of those words at our disposal,...we seem to make a competitive sport out of creating brand new ones...[T]heres the suffix -ish, which is increasingly called-upon, fairly indiscriminately, to describe an approximation, or a likeness of something, when in most cases there is an existing word, or two, that would serve just as well: warmish, tired-ish, doing a good job-ish, Clinton-ish. Instead, -ish may be chosen for reasons of expediency, or cuteness. A sampling of some recent headlines from around the web include 5 Ways To Secure Your Happy-ish Ever After (The Huffington Post) because, as the author writes, Happily Ever After is not a thing and Ten(ish) Questions With...WR Jeremy Ross (ESPN) because there are, in fact, 16...-Ish...requires no cleverness whatsoever. Its lazy, non-committal, and confoundingly ambiguous, a symbol of a societ y ever more inclined to take the easy way out or blur the lines. (Peggy Drexler, The Problem With -ISH. The Huffington Post, January 9, 2014) On Some -Somes My favorite word: gigglesome....Familiar words like lonesome, handsome, and adventuresome are from a whole family of words that include some surprises that have fallen into disuse. I heard Red Barber one morning on the radio say the air was chillsome. Others are grievesome, toilsome, and boresome. My favorites of these old words are gigglesome and playsome, both usually applied to high-spirited children. (Bobbie Ann Mason, quoted by Lewis Burke Frumkes in Favorite Words of Famous People. Marion Street Press, 2011) On the Lighter Side of Suffixes Good things dont end in -eum; they end in -mania or -teria. (Homer Simpson, The Simpsons) Were good...at words, too: burgle, burglar, burglary. The Americans go about it differently: burglar, burglarize, burglarization. Maybe theyll move on, soon, and well have burglarizationeers who burglarizationize us, leaving us victims of burglarizationeerage. (Michael Bywater, The Chronicles of Bargepole. Jonathan Cape, 1992) Ive heard of many chocoholics, but I aint never seen no chocohol. We got an epidemic, people: people who like chocolate but dont understand word endings. Theyre probably over-workaholled. (Demetri Martin, 2007)

Sunday, November 3, 2019

Identify and explain the potential claims which arise from these Essay

Identify and explain the potential claims which arise from these facts. In your view does the law strike fair balance between the rights of Colin, Toby and Sue - Essay Example It may be an act of omission or commission. Tort may arise out of commission as when the defendant makes a noise by running of his mill. It may arise out of omission where the defendant does not secure his cow which then runs on the neighbour’s garden and damages his precious plantation. Occupier of premises: Usually the occupier of the premises is the owner thereof but sometimes the tenant may be the occupier, and sometimes the person who is given the charge of carrying out repairs when the landlord is living elsewhere. Trespass: Trespass is the violation of property of the claimant by the defendant. It may be caused by entering into a property which is fenced with a warning to keep out. In cases where the defendant strays on to the property because there is no other way to reach his destination the trespass id not actionable. Nuisance: Nuisance is the violation of the right to enjoyment of property, for the purposes of this paper, nuisance should be taken to mean that the act or omission is causing disturbance in the claimant’s enjoyment of the property which includes rights that arise of the land. Trespasser’s rights and liabilities: The trespasser is guilty of trespass and liable in torts for that intrusion in another’s property when he has not entered in to the property either by invitation or authority or otherwise when he has no duty to enter the premises. The circumstances give rise to multiple claims for all three parties against each other. The trespass and subsequent damage to the chicken run and loss of business caused due to the chicken straying gives rise to cause of action for Colin against Toby. Colin also has a remedy in criminal law against Toby. Under the Occupier Liability Act 1984, Toby has a claim against Colin for the physical damage suffered by him. Sue has a right of action against Colin for the nuisance caused to her due to the increased noise caused by the straying chicken. As occupier of the

Friday, November 1, 2019

Functions of Management Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Functions of Management Paper - Essay Example The ideology of law enforcement field started sometime during the ancient Greek period where slave-prisoners were being used as guards of the prominent persons in several functions they attend to. The first organized structure of law enforcers started under the rule of King Louis XVI of France which was considered the largest but dangerous city of Europe that time. From then on, the development of the law enforcement organizations started to progress until the modern police organizations were given the blessing of the law to enforce the tenets of the society. For centuries now, there have been many changes in terms of the structure of the law enforcement. Thetford (2001) stated the three major periods of technological evolution: the agricultural, industrial and information period. In terms of law enforcement, progression occurred from the agricultural to the industrial period. However, at the mark of the early information age especially during the year 1987, based on several studies (Law Enforcement News, 1999), there were very minute changes in the structure and organization. Moreover, no change was recorded in terms of centralization and decision-making. Bureaucracy was also a growing tendency of the organization which makes it very procedural and complex. Extreme formality and hierarchy is becoming unhealthy in the said environment. The worldwide hope for a shift in this law enforcement procedures were already increasing. In the study stated by the Law Enforcement News which involved the survey for police organization’s development for a span of some years, it has been found out that during the 1993 until the present, there were significant changes, although still low, regarding the decentralization of decision-making. More than that, emphasis on geographical command and authority is already being manifested. This kind of

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

A Farewell to Arms an Ironic Metaphor to Explore Physical and Literature review

A Farewell to Arms an Ironic Metaphor to Explore Physical and Emotional Death - Literature review Example   Ã¢â‚¬Å"A Farewell to Arms† is a novel set during World War I. It is filled with human despair, loneliness, and confusion (Bloom 17). It is told in the first person, using the character of Lt. Frederic Henry, who is an American serving in the Italian army as an ambulance driver. He falls in love with an English nurse, Catherine Barkley, and the whole story revolves around how each character tries to survive life, conquer death, and placate their loneliness and misery (Burden and Hemingway 9). If one is familiar with the life of the author, Ernest Hemingway, one could easily see several allusions to the events that occurred in the author's life, particularly in the relationship between the main characters Frederic and Catherine. Hemingway served in the Red Cross in Italy during the war (Hewson 53). Not surprisingly, he was an ambulance driver, much like the main character in the story, Frederic. Hemingway got wounded and during his hospitalization, met and developed a relatio nship with nurse Agnes von Kurowsky (Hewson 56). A large part of the story is based on the realities that Hemingway encountered during the war, and to explore this in the novel, he utilizes several metaphors (Harrington 60) mainly using rain or the weather to forecast major events in the characters' lives (Bloom 19). Rain, or water for that matter, is usually seen as something that supports life, yet Hemingway effectively utilizes this as an ironic representation of gloom, pain, and destruction (Harrington 60-1). From start to finish, rain symbolizes the many emotions associated with death. At the beginning of the novel, one can see the immediate turning of summer into autumn. Summer is â€Å"rich with crops,† while autumn is where â€Å" the branches were bare and the trunks black with rain† (Hemingway 7). This alone forecasts the turning of events from happy to desolate. This is because, in that same chapter, death is foreshadowed. â€Å"In the fall when the rains c ame, the leaves all fell from the chestnut trees and the branches were bare and the trunks black with rain† and â€Å"The vineyards were thin and bare-branched too and all the country wet and brown and dead with autumn† (Hemingway 7). This is followed by the line â€Å"At the start of the winter came the permanent rain and with the rain came cholera. But it was checked and in the end, only seven thousand died of it in the army† (Hemingway 8). Here, the link between death and the pouring of the rain is stated clearly. However, there is no reference to emotions usually associated with death.  

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Cooperative Vehicle Safety System for VANETs

Cooperative Vehicle Safety System for VANETs COOPERATIVE VEHICLE SAFETY SYSTEM FOR VEHICULAR AD-HOC NETWORKS T. Sujitha, Final year M.E(CSE), ABSTRACT Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are a one form of wireless networks used for vehicles communication among themselves on roads. The conventional routing protocols are suitable for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). But it’s poorly in VANETs. As communication links break often happen in VANETs compare than in MANETs, the reliable routing is more difficult in the VANET. Research work has been done to the routing reliability of VANETs on highways. In this paper, we use the cooperative vehicle safety system for VANETs. The cooperative vehicle safety system helps to capture the future positions of the vehicles and determines the reliable routes preemptively. This paper is the first to propose a cooperative vehicle safety system for VANETs gives quality-of-service (QoS) support in the routing process. A new mechanism is developed to find the most reliable route in the VANET from the source vehicle to the destination vehicle. Through the simulation results, that the proposed scheme s ignificantly give good result compare than other literature survey. Keywords- vehicular ad hoc network (VANET),DSRC, IEEE 802.11,sensor,OBU,RSU. 1.INTRODUCTION Every day, a most of people die, and many people are injured in traffic accidents around the world. The desire to improve road safety information among vehicles to prevent accidents and improve road safety was the main motivation behind the development of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). VANETs are a promising technology to enable communications among vehicles on roads. They are a special form of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) that provide vehicle-to-vehicle communications. It is assumed that each vehicle is equipped with a wireless communication facility to provide ad hoc network connectivity. VANETs tend to operate without an infrastructure, each vehicle in the network can send, receive, and relay messages to other vehicles in the network. Figure 1.1 Structure of Vanet Ad-hoc Networks This way, vehicles can exchange real-time information, and drivers can be informed about road traffic conditions and other travel-related information. The most challenging issue is potentially the high mobility and the frequent changes of the network topology. In VANETs, the network topology could vary when the vehicles change their velocities and/or lanes. These changes depend on the drivers and road situations and are normally not scheduled in advance. Embedded wireless devices are the main components of evolving cooperative active safety systems for vehicles. These systems, which rely on communication between vehicles, deliver warning messages to drivers and may even directly take control of the vehicle to perform evasive maneuvers. The cyber aspects of such applications, including communication and detection of vehicle information are tightly coupled with physical dynamics of vehicles and drivers behavior. Recent research on such cooperative vehicle safety (CVSS) systems has shown that significant performance improvement is possible by coupling the design of the components of the systems that are related to vehicle dynamics with the cyber components that are responsible for tracking other cars and detecting threats. The types of possible actions and warnings in vehicle safety systems range from low-latency collision avoidance or warning systems to moderate-latency system that provide heads up information about possible dangers in the non immediate path of the vehicle. The main differences of these systems are the sources and means of information dissemination and acquisition. In active safety systems, vehicles are required to be continuously aware of their neighborhood of few hundred meters and monitor possible emergency information. This task can be achieved by frequent real time communication between vehicles over dedicated short range communication (DSRC) channel. In addition to inter-vehicle communication; roadside devices may also assist vehicles in learning about their environment by delivering traffic signal or pedestrian related information at intersections. The main requirement of these active safety systems is the possibility of delivering real-time acquired information to and between vehicles at latencies of lower than few hundred milliseconds. Prototypes of such systems are being developed by many automotive manufacturers. 2. EXISTING SYSTEM In DSRC based safety systems, the cyber components are selected so that they meet the requirements of active safety. Nevertheless, the existing designs fall short of supporting a full-fledged CVSS in which a large number of vehicles communicate and cooperate with each other. The main reason behind the issues with the current designs is the level of separation in the design of different components. Later in this paper we describe methods to achieve better performance by further cooperation of the physical and cyber sub-components. In the next subsection we describe existing active safety CVSS systems and their designs. Figure 1.2 Communication in VANET systems. The traditional design of the CVS system, based on the structure depicted, is a straightforward design following the recommendations of an early report by vehicle safety communication consortium (VSCC). According to this report, it is suggested that vehicles should transmit tracking messages every 100ms, to a distance of at least 150m (avg. 250m). Therefore, the message generation module in becomes a periodic process that outputs a sample of the current state of the vehicle in a message every 100msec. The DSRC radio power is set to reach the suggested distance. Given the issues of the above design in crowded networks, several enhancements have recently been proposed to improve the performance of CVS systems beyond the early solutions set forth by VSCC. One such method is the work in [22] that proposes to fairly allocate transmission power across all cars in a max-min fashion; this method helps reduce the load at every point of a formulated 1-D highway and thus reserves bandwidth for emergency messages with higher priorities. This method assumes a predefined maximum load as the target. In another work, a message dispatcher is proposed to reduce required data rate by removing duplicate elements, here, the idea is that many applications require the same data elements from other vehicles. The message dispatcher at the sender side will group data elements from application layer (i.e., the source) and decides how frequently each data element should be broadcast. The above methods focus on the computing module, as defined in this section, and try to improve its performance through observing the behavior of the application, or by incorporating limited physical process information in the design of the computing module. While the above improvements do enhance the performance of CVS systems, these designs do not consider the mutual effects of computation, communication and physical processes on each other. In this, try to identify such mutual effects and propose a design that uses the knowledge of the tight coupling of cyber and physical processes to the benefit of a CVSS system. DESTINATION SEQUENCED DISTANCE VECTOR (DSDV) DSDV is a proactive protocol that maintains route to all the destinations before requirement of the route. Each node maintains a routing table which contains next hop, cost metric towards each destination and a sequence number that is created by the destination itself. This table is exchanged by each node to update route information. A node transmits routing table periodically or when significant new information is available about some route. Whenever a node wants to send packet, it uses the routing table stored locally. For each destination, a node knows which of its neighbor leads to the shortest path to the destination. DSDV is an efficient protocol for route discovery. Whenever a route to a new destination is required, it already exists at the source. Hence, latency for route discovery is very low. DSDV also guarantees loop-free paths. 3. PROPOSED SYSTEM Cooperative message authentication protocol, which augments the basic short group signature protocol by mitigating the computation overhead in the regular broadcast phase. According to, the verification time for short group signature is 11ms with a 3 GHz Pentium IV system. In a typical public safety application, each vehicle broadcasts safety messages every 300 ms, which implies that each vehicle can at most process messages from other vehicles in a stable system. However, according to the measurement, there may exist as many as 87 vehicles broadcasting messages within the 300m communication range of a receiving vehicle, far exceeding its processing capability. Therefore, we propose a cooperative message authentication protocol to fill the gap between the workload and the processing capability. 3.1 PROTOCOL IMPLEMENTATION RSUs broadcast I-public keys, G-public keys of themselves and their neighbor RSUs with certificates and identities of revoked RSUs in their neighborhoods regularly. Authorities employ benign RSUs around compromised RSUs to implement revocation by regular broadcasting those compromised RSUs’ identities. When a vehicle detects the hello message, it starts registration by sending its I-public key and the certificate to the RSU if the RSU is not revoked. Normally, a public key should not be encrypted. However, in our system model, each vehicle’s I-public key is unique, so it is also an identifier of the vehicle. We encrypt it to protect vehicle’s privacy. The RSU sends the hash value of the G-private key which plans to be assigned to the vehicle and the signature of the hash value, vehicle’s I-public key and RSU’s I-public key to the vehicle. RSU’s I-public key is also unique. The vehicle can identify the RSU’s legitimacy after it verifies this message because the RSU uses its I-private key in the message. The vehicle encrypts its Npri and the timestamp by using authorities’ public key. Then, it sends the encryption data with the timestamp and the signature of corresponding information, message 4, to the RSU. The encryption of its Npri and the timestamp is a commitment. It can be useed to detect illegitimate users later. Meanwhile, the signature signed by the vehicle binds vehicle’s information and the assigned G-private key. Then, the RSU cannot re-map them because the RSU does not have vehicle’s I-private key. The RSU sends the G-private key to the vehicle. The vehicle finishes registration procedure after it gets a valid G-private key. Then, the RSU stores the information, as in the local database. The signature in the fifth item is the signature that the RSU receives in message. If authorities need the information of a vehicle when there is a dispute, the RSU has to send the vehicle’s corresponding information to authorities. 3.2 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated through network simulator version 2. A cooperative message authentication protocol(CMAP) is presented to alleviate vehicles computation burden. In the protocol, because vehicles share their verification results with each other in a cooperative way, the number of safety messages that each vehicle needs to verify will be reduced greatly. A new research issue of the protocol is how to select verifiers in the city road scenario. Thus, we propose three verifiers selection algorithms, n-nearest method, most-even distributed method and the compound method for the CMAP. Performance metrics are utilized in the simulations for performance comparison. Packet arrival rate The ratio of the number of received data packets to the number of total data packets sent by the source. Energy consumption The energy consumption for the entire network includes transmission energy consumption for both the data and control packets. Average end-to-end delay The average time elapsed for delivering a data packet within a successful transmission. Control overhead The average number of transmitted control bytes per second, including both the data packet header and the control packets. Collision rate The average Collision rate for the entire data transmission from source to destination is much controlled and reduced when compared to the existing protocol. 4. ELLIPTIC CURVE DIGITAL SIGNATURE ALGORITHM ECDSA is Elliptic Curve Cryptosystem (ECC)-based implementation of the commonly used digital signature algorithm. ECC provides the same security level as the other discrete logarithm approaches, while the size of the required ECC credentials is much smaller than that of the discrete logarithm systems. The WAVE security service adopt ECDSA-based message authentication for vehicular communications. Two standard elliptic curves namely P-224 and P-256 have been suggested for general purpose message authentications, and certificate authentications in VANETs. A VANET entity is required to transmit periodic safety messages containing its current coordinates, speed, acceleration etc. to the neighboring devices. The typical interval for safety message broadcasts ranges from 100 ms to 300 ms. An authentication scheme has to be incorporated in order to provide reliability and trust for the delivered safety information. Received messages are verified by the receiving entity to ensure the message integrity, and authenticity of sender’s identity. Unfortunately signature verification incurs a cryptographic processing delay at the verifier’s end. Although the verification delay for ECDSA is in the order of milliseconds, with hundreds of vehicles in a dense traffic scenario, an OBU would receive an enormous amount of periodic messages per unit time causing a bottleneck to the authentication process at the receiver end. If OBUs are configured to broadcast their periodic messages every 100 ms, under a heavy traffic scenario, many of the safety messages would either be discarded due to the constrained buffer size of the verification process, or accepted without any verification. Therefore in busy traffic hours, a receiver of vehicular messages would either risk a fatal road-traffic consequence, or it would reject a significant portion of received messages without authenticating when its maximum verification capacity is reached. The current WAVE standards do not include an efficient anonymous authentication scheme for vehicular messages, or even an intelligent authentication strategy which can efficiently verify from a massive number of vehicular safety/application messages. 5. CONCLUSION The proposed protocol designed an identity-based anonymous user-authentication scheme and a cross-layer verification approach for WAVE-enabled VANET’s safety messages. A variation of the conventional ECDSA approach is used with the identity-based signature approach where the common geographical area information of signing vehicles is taken as the signer’s identity. This exempts a vehicle from the mandatory inclusion of a trusted third-party certificate with each broadcast message in a VANET while a user is still identifiable by the trusted third-party up on a dispute. A cross-layer message verification scheme verifies the received messages based on their MAC traffic class and traffic intensity. This ensures that under the rush hour congestion or traffic accident most important messages will not be missed by the verifier. Security analysis and performance evaluation justify our authentication and verification approach for WAVE-enabled vehicular communications. REFERENCES [1] C. E. Perkins and E. M. Royer, â€Å"Ad-hoc on-demand distance vector routing,†in Proc.2nd IEEE WMCSA 1999. [2] V. A. Davis, â€Å"Evaluating mobility models within an ad hoc network,† M.S. thesis, Colorado Sch. Mines Golden, CO, USA, 2000. [3] A. Ferreira, â€Å"On models and algorithms for dynamic communication networks: The case for evolving graphs,† presented at the 4e rencontres francophones sur les ALGOTEL, Meze, France, 2002. [4] M. Rudack, M. Meincke, K. Jobmann, and M. Lott, â€Å"On traffic dynamical aspects of inter vehicle communications (IVC),† in Proc. IEEE Veh.Technol. Conf., 2003. [5] H. Menouar, M. Lenardi, and F. Filali, â€Å"A movement prediction-base drouting protocol for vehicle-to-vehicle communications,† in Proc. 1st Int.V2V Communication Workshop, San Diego, CA, USA, 2005. [6] T. Taleb, M. Ochi, A. Jamalipour, N. Kato, and Nemoto â€Å"An efficient vehicle-heading based routing protocol for VANET networks,†in Proc.IEEE Wireless Communication ,2006. [7] G. M. T. Abdalla, M. A. Abu-Rgheff, and S. M. Senouci, â€Å"Current trends in vehicular ad hoc networks,† in Proc IEEE Global Inf. Infrastruct.Symp., Marrakech Morocco, 2007. [8] V. Namboodiri and L. Gao, â€Å"Prediction-based routing for vehicular adhoc networks,† IEEE Trans.Veh Technol, 2007. [9] K. T. Feng, C. H. Hsu, and T. E. Lu, â€Å"Velocity-assisted predictive mobility and location-aware routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks,† IEEE Trans Technol, 2008. [10] J. Monteiro, â€Å"The use of evolving graph combinatorial model in routing protocols for dynamic networks,† in Proc. XV Concurso Latinoamericanode Tesis de Maestrà ¬a, 2008. [11] G. Pallis, D. Katsaros, M. D. Dikaiakos, oulloudes and L. Tassiulas,â€Å"On the structure and evolution of vehicular networks,† in Proc. IEEE/ACM Meeting Symp. MASCOTS, 2009. [12] S. C. Ng, W. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Yang, and G. Mao, â€Å"Analysis of access and connectivity probabilities in vehicular relay networks,† IEEE. Areas Communication, 2011.

Friday, October 25, 2019

Violence in Literature Essay -- Violence Blood Violent Movie Literatur

Violence in Literature â€Å"I’m taking you to the bank, Senator Trent. To the blood bank.† This line is spoken by a character played by Steven Segal in the movie Hard to Kill, a movie remarkably similar to every other motion picture Segal has ever touched, and depressingly reflective of a larger cultural trend. In Segal’s movies, characters with names like â€Å"Orin Boyd† and â€Å"Nico Toscani† boast body counts and a shared insatiable thirst for vengeance. Death becomes a prop employed to dispatch central characters, and a cycle of one-upmanship ensues – we saw Segal rip someone’s throat out in Under Siege, so the next movie has to be more ridiculous in its sheer level of violence to be marketable. In 1999, it came as no real shock to viewers when Segal’s character stabbed a Nazi sympathizer in the neck with a broken wine glass. The reality is that technology gives us the means to transmit images and messages of unparalleled intensity, and as we do that, reality is recursively recreated. As artists and media moguls say less, the y attempt to compensate through force, resulting in a constant barrage of deafening sound that amounts to nothing more than noise or visuals so gaudy and exaggerated that the thin shreds of meaning behind them are utterly lost. In this context, death is watered down until it becomes comfortably palpable. Theatres full of families cheer when the hero shoots the bad guy in an action movie, but it never crosses a single mind that a murder has taken place. Viewers wear expressions of smug satisfaction when a crooked lawyer is double-crossed, but the underlying web of lies fazes nobody. In this context, authors have to shout over the noise to communicate the true evils that float between humans. There is no longer ... ...organization in which individually is sacrificed for the sake of an ideal (Nazism, in this case), it’s easy for a smaller group to become victimized. That group is doubly under attack from without and within, and even after the battle is apparently over, they are still losing. The inherent threat in such organizational bodies has to be recognized by humanity and ingrained into the memories of future generations to ensure that these mistakes aren’t repeated. Bringing distressing images and situations the forefront of art isn’t gimmicky, and it isn’t entertaining. It’s indispensable. When punches are held the point is only half-made. Vividly bringing to life the tragedies of the world is the only way in which we can come to understand them with any validity, and understanding these heartrending circumstances is the only means through which we can learn from them.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Disco Music

Matt Crane 8-19-06 Music Back in the late 1960s, disco originated as a combination of many instruments played together. It was in 1969 when Jerry Butler released his latest song ‘Only the Strong Survive’ that we got our very first disco song. This was the birth of disco but then it was a form of music which hadn’t been named. Four years and many songs later on the 13th of September 1973, Vince Aletti wrote an article in the Rolling Stone Magazine which gave this music form its name â€Å"DISCO†.This soulful music is based on a number of instruments blended together to get what is known as the disco sound. The vocals are played on a steady four on the floor beat or what is known as a quaver (eighth note) or a semi- quaver (sixteenth note). Many electronic musical gadgets are used to create the background score. This form of music has more of electric bass line and the guitar is seldom used as a lead instrument. Films like Saturday Night Fever and Thank God I ts Friday made disco theque more popular than ever before.It was the Bee Gees who came to represent real Disco theque. The group till then was famous for their ballads and pop songs challenging the supremacy of The Beatles. Their success numbers were released again on the Saturday Night Fever movie soundtrack. Disco was born much earlier in the late 60’s when Jerry Butleras haunting melody was the first case of a combination of music with dance. This particular song brought about the marriage between Philly and New York soul both being evolutions of Motown Sound. The Philly sound is lavish percussion. 972 Soul Makasso is said to be one of the first disco songs. Disco spread to Europe through the jivings of Abba from the mid 70’s. Boney-M was another group of four West Indian singers and dancers who guided by West German record producer Frank Farian, soon became a great hit in Canada and Japan. The latter half of the 70’s saw clubs reverberating with Disco music. The culture centered on discotheques, nightclubs, and private parties where DJ’s played disco hits through power sound systems. Long single records kept people dancing throughout the night.Even some of the most prestigious clubs matched their lighting arrangements to swish to the beat of Disco theque. Dancing schools sprung up in some cities and candidates were taught how to touch dance hustle and cha-cha. Disco fashions then hit the market with Halston dresses for women, shiny Qiana shirts for men pointed collars and open at the chest worn with double knit jacket suits. Disco culture soon became a shelter for those on the fringes of society they found a way to express themselves. Disco managed to fulfill one of the objectives of the Civil Rights movement.It brought the races closer together for the first time where Blacks & Whites â€Å"co-mingled† freely. Although â€Å"disco's† did in fact lead to the downfall of the â€Å"inner city Funk House† a nd while a few of them practiced â€Å"racist door policies†. For the most part you could get in, dance and socialize across racial barriers. Disco was in fact one of the first forms of â€Å"voluntary integration† that American’s have seen. The music was the same & every ones attitude was the same. Different instruments and disco sounds made their way into the hearts of people in a big way.Discos became a place where there would be loud disco music, a dance floor with disco lights and of course you disco lovers dressed in the latest disco outfits having a blast of a life time. Discos have a culture of their own. The music is loud enough to make you and your heart beat a little faster. The lights keep changing colors and also help in changing you moods and shedding any inhibition you have. The clothes too are tight fitting to show off your more of the body. Shirts with slightly long and pointy collars, the Qiana shirts for the gents and the Halston dresses f or women were in fashion.Discos brought in many other cultures too. One of the main addictions that disco brought in was drugs. Cocaine and Quaalude became the main drugs for all disco lovers. While cocaine gave them a high spirit, it helped many to enjoy the loud music better. Quaalude made them feel light like jelly and helped them to move to the groove. The dance lovers enjoyed the discotheques, as there was music, dance, alcohol and fun. Discos became very popular and some of them became as popular as tourist sites too. Manhattans Studio 54 is one such place.You couldn’t miss this hangout, as you would see many celebrities and people who are both rich and famous there. In the 1970s and 80s disco and dance came together and were the craze of the time. Groups like The Jackson Five, ABBA and The BEE GEES are still bands which are famous for their great disco music. Disco, which was performed only by a few bands in the beginning spread like a forest fire. Soon disco became ma instream and all kinds of bands were performing disco numbers. Disco was the in thing and a lot of movies were made on the disco theme too.Saturday night fever starring John Travolta and Thank God It’s Friday were two big hits with disco as its mainstream idea. ABBA was a group, which took Disco beyond the borders of America and right into Europe and Asia. The songs were such big chart busters that all over the world they created many new records. Boney M a group of four West Indian singers were another group, which broke the barriers of caste, color and creed to give pure and outstanding disco music. Dalida released their hit number â€Å"J’attendrai† which topped the charts in Japan, middle and south Asia and Canada These groups made disco very popular in the 70’s.The growing craze for disco angered the fans of rock music. While some just threw out all disco records, a few took drastic steps. DJs of rock music held events like the Disco Demolition night . Many groups came together to stage anti-disco demonstrations. Slowly but steadily in the 1980s disco began to die down. Though disco kind of became obsolete but it was still very much a part of the night life in Europe. With newer forms of music and even newer groups emerging Disco was given a back seat. In 1990s and 2000 once again disco began gaining popularity again.With major singers like Madonna, Kate Ryan and Suzanne Palmer performing Disco. Disco sound is mainly based on strings and horns accompanied by reverberating vocals mixing with electric pianos and chicken-scratch guitars. Dramatic minor and major seventh chords dominate disco music. The other instruments in used are bass guitar, piano, string synth with electrocoustic keyboards. There are drum kits and electronic drums together with harp, violin, viola, trumpet, saxophone, trombone, clarinet, flugelhorn, French horn, tuba, English horn, oboe, flute and piccolo.The songs usually have a steady four-on-the floor beat. It has affinity with Dominican meringue, rumba, samba and cha-cha-cha rhythms. A synthesizer is sometimes used to replace the bass guitar. Disco branched off into regional styles during the mid70’s by many formal musicians. Keeping the same broad traits of disco the new types came to get an individual stamp of the singer and the orchestra. Notable among them were The Philadelphia Symphony Orchestra and New York Philharmonic. Disco thus came to be arranged and composed by experienced arrangers and orchestrators. It required large number of instruments and a eam, which included the conductor, copyists, record producers and mixing engineer. Disco songs used as many as 64 tracks of vocals and instrumentals. Mixing engineers thus had a very important role. They created a distinctive sounding known as disco-mix. DJ’s were important for popularizing disco and consequently its sales. I would say that disco music expresses itself by its fast beats that you dance to. Its music g ets people to be all about partying, loosing yourself to the songs, and feeling good. It lets people â€Å"groove† or â€Å"Boogie down†, just dance the night away.It’s the art of arranging sounds in time so as to produce a continuous, unified, and evocative composition, as through melody, harmony, rhythm, and timbre. To me disco music means, music that consists of several different instruments that make all sorts of rhythms and melodies. It’s a type of music that has a fast beat and just makes you want to dance. With disco music all you want to do is get down on a dance floor with a lot of people and just feeling good. Disco music is a good style of music that puts different sounds in one through the melody and rhythm of the song.